全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5049篇 |
免费 | 18篇 |
国内免费 | 20篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 11篇 |
丛书文集 | 18篇 |
教育与普及 | 4篇 |
理论与方法论 | 2篇 |
现状及发展 | 2213篇 |
研究方法 | 264篇 |
综合类 | 2547篇 |
自然研究 | 28篇 |
出版年
2013年 | 52篇 |
2012年 | 100篇 |
2011年 | 117篇 |
2010年 | 26篇 |
2008年 | 88篇 |
2007年 | 111篇 |
2006年 | 100篇 |
2005年 | 100篇 |
2004年 | 120篇 |
2003年 | 80篇 |
2002年 | 89篇 |
2001年 | 181篇 |
2000年 | 150篇 |
1999年 | 120篇 |
1992年 | 112篇 |
1991年 | 72篇 |
1990年 | 75篇 |
1989年 | 65篇 |
1988年 | 69篇 |
1987年 | 78篇 |
1986年 | 56篇 |
1985年 | 96篇 |
1984年 | 91篇 |
1983年 | 78篇 |
1982年 | 62篇 |
1981年 | 54篇 |
1980年 | 68篇 |
1979年 | 174篇 |
1978年 | 141篇 |
1977年 | 111篇 |
1976年 | 116篇 |
1975年 | 123篇 |
1974年 | 147篇 |
1973年 | 119篇 |
1972年 | 123篇 |
1971年 | 149篇 |
1970年 | 198篇 |
1969年 | 143篇 |
1968年 | 152篇 |
1967年 | 127篇 |
1966年 | 138篇 |
1965年 | 104篇 |
1964年 | 39篇 |
1959年 | 39篇 |
1958年 | 68篇 |
1957年 | 47篇 |
1956年 | 38篇 |
1955年 | 36篇 |
1954年 | 46篇 |
1948年 | 28篇 |
排序方式: 共有5087条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
811.
Hughes MD Xu YJ Jenkins P McMorn P Landon P Enache DI Carley AF Attard GA Hutchings GJ King F Stitt EH Johnston P Griffin K Kiely CJ 《Nature》2005,437(7062):1132-1135
Oxidation is an important method for the synthesis of chemical intermediates in the manufacture of high-tonnage commodities, high-value fine chemicals, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals: but oxidations are often inefficient. The introduction of catalytic systems using oxygen from air is preferred for 'green' processing. Gold catalysis is now showing potential in selective redox processes, particularly for alcohol oxidation and the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. However, a major challenge that persists is the synthesis of an epoxide by the direct electrophilic addition of oxygen to an alkene. Although ethene is epoxidized efficiently using molecular oxygen with silver catalysts in a large-scale industrial process, this is unique because higher alkenes can only be effectively epoxidized using hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxides or stoichiometric oxygen donors. Here we show that nanocrystalline gold catalysts can provide tunable active catalysts for the oxidation of alkenes using air, with exceptionally high selectivity to partial oxidation products ( approximately 98%) and significant conversions. Our finding significantly extends the discovery by Haruta that nanocrystalline gold can epoxidize alkenes when hydrogen is used to activate the molecular oxygen; in our case, no sacrificial reductant is needed. We anticipate that our finding will initiate attempts to understand more fully the mechanism of oxygen activation at gold surfaces, which might lead to commercial exploitation of the high redox activity of gold nanocrystals. 相似文献
812.
Magma-assisted rifting in Ethiopia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The rifting of continents and evolution of ocean basins is a fundamental component of plate tectonics, yet the process of continental break-up remains controversial. Plate driving forces have been estimated to be as much as an order of magnitude smaller than those required to rupture thick continental lithosphere. However, Buck has proposed that lithospheric heating by mantle upwelling and related magma production could promote lithospheric rupture at much lower stresses. Such models of mechanical versus magma-assisted extension can be tested, because they predict different temporal and spatial patterns of crustal and upper-mantle structure. Changes in plate deformation produce strain-enhanced crystal alignment and increased melt production within the upper mantle, both of which can cause seismic anisotropy. The Northern Ethiopian Rift is an ideal place to test break-up models because it formed in cratonic lithosphere with minor far-field plate stresses. Here we present evidence of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle of this rift zone using observations of shear-wave splitting. Our observations, together with recent geological data, indicate a strong component of melt-induced anisotropy with only minor crustal stretching, supporting the magma-assisted rifting model in this area of initially cold, thick continental lithosphere. 相似文献
813.
Fulchignoni M Ferri F Angrilli F Ball AJ Bar-Nun A Barucci MA Bettanini C Bianchini G Borucki W Colombatti G Coradini M Coustenis A Debei S Falkner P Fanti G Flamini E Gaborit V Grard R Hamelin M Harri AM Hathi B Jernej I Leese MR Lehto A Lion Stoppato PF López-Moreno JJ Mäkinen T McDonnell JA McKay CP Molina-Cuberos G Neubauer FM Pirronello V Rodrigo R Saggin B Schwingenschuh K Seiff A Simões F Svedhem H Tokano T Towner MC Trautner R Withers P Zarnecki JC 《Nature》2005,438(7069):785-791
On the basis of previous ground-based and fly-by information, we knew that Titan's atmosphere was mainly nitrogen, with some methane, but its temperature and pressure profiles were poorly constrained because of uncertainties in the detailed composition. The extent of atmospheric electricity ('lightning') was also hitherto unknown. Here we report the temperature and density profiles, as determined by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI), from an altitude of 1,400 km down to the surface. In the upper part of the atmosphere, the temperature and density were both higher than expected. There is a lower ionospheric layer between 140 km and 40 km, with electrical conductivity peaking near 60 km. We may also have seen the signature of lightning. At the surface, the temperature was 93.65 +/- 0.25 K, and the pressure was 1,467 +/- 1 hPa. 相似文献
814.
Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The ability to find one's way depends on neural algorithms that integrate information about place, distance and direction, but the implementation of these operations in cortical microcircuits is poorly understood. Here we show that the dorsocaudal medial entorhinal cortex (dMEC) contains a directionally oriented, topographically organized neural map of the spatial environment. Its key unit is the 'grid cell', which is activated whenever the animal's position coincides with any vertex of a regular grid of equilateral triangles spanning the surface of the environment. Grids of neighbouring cells share a common orientation and spacing, but their vertex locations (their phases) differ. The spacing and size of individual fields increase from dorsal to ventral dMEC. The map is anchored to external landmarks, but persists in their absence, suggesting that grid cells may be part of a generalized, path-integration-based map of the spatial environment. 相似文献
815.
Cyanobacteria, and the viruses (phages) that infect them, are significant contributors to the oceanic 'gene pool'. This pool is dynamic, and the transfer of genetic material between hosts and their phages probably influences the genetic and functional diversity of both. For example, photosynthesis genes of cyanobacterial origin have been found in phages that infect Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, the numerically dominant phototrophs in ocean ecosystems. These genes include psbA, which encodes the photosystem II core reaction centre protein D1, and high-light-inducible (hli) genes. Here we show that phage psbA and hli genes are expressed during infection of Prochlorococcus and are co-transcribed with essential phage capsid genes, and that the amount of phage D1 protein increases steadily over the infective period. We also show that the expression of host photosynthesis genes declines over the course of infection and that replication of the phage genome is a function of photosynthesis. We thus propose that the phage genes are functional in photosynthesis and that they may be increasing phage fitness by supplementing the host production of these proteins. 相似文献
816.
Interest in mapping the global distribution of malaria is motivated by a need to define populations at risk for appropriate resource allocation and to provide a robust framework for evaluating its global economic impact. Comparison of older and more recent malaria maps shows how the disease has been geographically restricted, but it remains entrenched in poor areas of the world with climates suitable for transmission. Here we provide an empirical approach to estimating the number of clinical events caused by Plasmodium falciparum worldwide, by using a combination of epidemiological, geographical and demographic data. We estimate that there were 515 (range 300-660) million episodes of clinical P. falciparum malaria in 2002. These global estimates are up to 50% higher than those reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) and 200% higher for areas outside Africa, reflecting the WHO's reliance upon passive national reporting for these countries. Without an informed understanding of the cartography of malaria risk, the global extent of clinical disease caused by P. falciparum will continue to be underestimated. 相似文献
817.
Teo KB Minoux E Hudanski L Peauger F Schnell JP Gangloff L Legagneux P Dieumegard D Amaratunga GA Milne WI 《Nature》2005,437(7061):968
To communicate, spacecraft and satellites rely on microwave devices, which at present are based on relatively inefficient thermionic electron sources that require heating and cannot be switched on instantaneously. Here we describe a microwave diode that uses a cold-cathode electron source consisting of carbon nanotubes and that operates at high frequency and at high current densities. Because it weighs little, responds instantaneously and has no need of heating, this miniaturized electron source should prove valuable for microwave devices used in telecommunications. 相似文献
818.
W. G. Christen R. W. Winters H. I. Cohen T. W. Robertson 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1979,35(10):1350-1351
Summary The adaptation field of the surround mechanism of X and Y retinal ganglion cells in the cat was assessed with variable size, unmodulated adapting spots. Both an on-inhibition measure and an off-discharge measure of surround gain was used. Results suggest that the surround mechanism in Y-cells is strongest in the receptive field middle but weak or nonexistent in the middle of X-cell receptive fields.Acknowledgment. This research was supported by Public Health Service grant No. EY 00701. 相似文献
819.
Antibiotic-induced muscle paralysis has frequently been found in both experimental animals and man with three distinct classes of antibiotic: (1) streptomycin and related aminoglycoside compounds, (2) polymyxins and (3) tetracyclines. Recently lincomycin and its chemical congener, clindamycin, have been reported to produce muscle paralysis which has different characteristics from those seen with other classes of antibiotic. Although closely related in chemical structure, lincomycin and clindamycin also seem to produce muscle paralysis by different mechanisms. Clindamycin is considered to exert a direct depressant action on muscle contractility whereas the action of lincomycin is considered to be primarily a depression of neuromuscular transmission. We report here that each of these antibiotics had a significant but different influence on endplate channel behaviour. Clindamycin increased the rate of miniature endplate current (m.e.p.c.) decay and reduced its voltage sensitivity without altering its exponential nature. Lincomycin split m.e.p.c. decay into an initial rapid phase followed by a prolonged phase. 相似文献
820.