Interfacial reaction between the oxidized SiC particles and Al-Mg alloys

The interfacial reactions of oxidized SiC particles reinforced Al-Mg matrix composites were investigated by the field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), TEM and X-ray diffraction. It was found that the nanoscale MgO forms initially due to the interfacial reaction, then whether it reacts with molten Al continuously or not depends on the content of Mg in the matrix and its covering densification at the surface of particles. When there is not enough Mg in the matrix for the formation of dense MgO layer, MgO will transform into MgAl₂O₄ crystal owing to the continuous reaction with SiO₂ and molten Al. When dense MgO layer forms at the surface of the particles due to the affluence of Mg for the initial reaction, it will protect the inner SiC from the attack of molten Al. However, the reaction products of both MgO and MgAl₂O₄ are thermo-stable phases at the surface of the particles under high temperature. The results clarify the interfacial reaction route and they are of great value to the control of the interfacial reactions and their interfacial design of the composites.     

Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation.

Recent interpretations of Himalayan-Tibetan tectonics have proposed that channel flow in the middle to lower crust can explain outward growth of the Tibetan plateau, and that ductile extrusion of high-grade metamorphic rocks between coeval normal- and thrust-sense shear zones can explain exhumation of the Greater Himalayan sequence. Here we use coupled thermal-mechanical numerical models to show that these two processes-channel flow and ductile extrusion-may be dynamically linked through the effects of surface denudation focused at the edge of a plateau that is underlain by low-viscosity material. Our models provide an internally self-consistent explanation for many observed features of the Himalayan-Tibetan system.     

纳米层状硅酸盐在轮胎气密层中的应用研究

聚合物纳米复合材料因其分散相的高度精细化和纳米尺寸效应而具有与传统复合材料明显不同的力学性能和功能性能。其中,层状硅酸盐聚合物纳米复合材料又以分散相的高形状系数比而具有更为突出或特异的性能,如高刚性、高强度、高阻隔、高阻燃性等。因此聚合物纳米复合材料自问世以来便受到各国学者和工业界广泛关注。在轮胎气密层橡胶中,可以充分利用纳米层状硅酸盐材料的高阻隔性,从而起到提高气密性的作用。更进一步的应用研究表明,可以通过使用纳米层状硅酸盐填充橡胶作为气密层,在不损失气密性的情况下,减少气密层厚度,从而降低轮胎重量,实现原价节俭和滚动阻力降低的双重效果。     

Ore-forming event and geodynamic setting of molybdenum deposit at Wenquan in Gansu Province, Western Qinling

The Wenquan molybdenum deposit is associated with a Triassic granite in this area. The Wenquan granite is enriched in LILE and LREE, poor in HFSE, and has significantly higher contents of alkali （K2O＋Na2O） and Sr, Ba than those of the island arc volcanic rocks. These geochemical characteristics are similar to post-collisional granites in high K calc-alkaline series. Studies of major elements, trace elements, REEs and chronology of the Wenquan pluton show that, in the geodynamic transition stage of continent-continent convergence to extension, the partial melting of the enriched lithospheric mantle generated the basaltic magma and triggered the partial melting of the thickened lower crust which produceded the acidic magma, and the Wenquan pluton was formed by mixing of the two magmas. Molybdenite Re-Os isotopic dating gave Os model ages of 212.7±2.6 Ma to 215.1±2.6 Ma with a weighted mean of 214.1±1.1 Ma, and an Re-Os isochron age of 214.4±7.1 Ma. These ages are close to K-Ar ages （223 to 226 Ma） and a SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age （223±7 Ma） for the Wenquan granite within the error range, but relatively younger. This implies that the Mo mineralization occurred in a late stage of the magmatic intrusion, and the metallogenesis took place in the transition stage from syn-collision to post-collision in the tectonic setting of the Qinling Orogenic Belt （QOB） after continental collision between the North China Block （NCB） and the South China Block （SCB）. This process is also corresponding to the geological events of metamorphism and deformation in South Qinling, closure of the Mian-Lue oceanic basin, and exhumation of the Dabie-Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks. The large-scale continent-continent collision between NCB and SCB in the middle Triassic triggered significant crustal thickening and exhumation of subducted slab. In the late Triassic, the tectonic setting was transformed to the transition stage from collision to extension. Materials from the asthenospheric mantle would ascend into the root of the lower crust, which could induce partial melting of the lower crust and generate Mo-enriched granitic magma. The ore-forming elements enriched in the fluid derived from the condensation and fraction of the magma resulted in the Mo mineralization. The Mo deposits in the QOB are mainly formed in two episodes, namely 220± Ma and 140± Ma. The two episodes of metallogenesis were developed in the tectonic transition settings from compression to extension, but they were in the different stages of the tectonic evolution. The occurrence of the Wenquan Mo-bearing pluton indicates that the Triassic tectonic-magmatic belt of Western Qinling is another favorable region for Mo mineralization in the QOB. Therefore, it is significant to pay more attention to evaluation of the ore-forming potentiality in the Triassic granites in Western Qinling.     

Value of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculoma: 53 cases analysis and review of literature

Tuberculoma of the lung is one of manifestations in tuberculosis and usually presents as a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN). It is difficult to differentiate tuberculoma from SPN by other benign or malignant diseases. At present, the crucial role of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary diseases has been well acknowledged. Here, we reported 53 patients undergoing VATS resection for tuberculomas in our series. No postoperative mortality was found and only two patients experienced prolonged air-leakage (>7 d) and two had minor wound infections that were recovered after anti-tuberculosis or antibiotic treatment. Anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy from 6 to 12 months was routinely used postoperatively. We conclude that VATS is a satisfactory tool for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculoma and can also establish a reliable diagnosis for all patients with SPNs.     

Metamorphosed mafic rocks with N-type MORE geochemical features in Hainan Island-Remnants of the Paleo-Tethys Oceanic Crust?

A number of metamorphosed mafic rocks occurred within the Paleozoic strata in the Chenxing and Bangxi regions at the northern side of the Changjiang-Qionghai Fault in Central Hainan Island. These metamorphosed mafic rocks are tholeiites in chemistry. They are characterized by extreme depletion of Th, Nb, Ta and LREEs, resembling the depleted N-type mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). Field relations suggest that the protolith of the metamorphosed mafic rocks were likely formed in Paleozoic. These metamorphosed mafic rocks with N-type MORB geochemical features were probably the remnants of the Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust.     

Optical detection of liquid-state NMR

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in liquids and solids is primarily detected by recording the net dipolar magnetic field outside the spin-polarized sample. But the recorded bulk magnetic field itself provides only limited spatial or structural information about the sample. Most NMR applications rely therefore on more elaborate techniques such as magnetic field gradient encoding or spin correlation spectroscopy, which enable spatially resolved imaging and molecular structure analysis, respectively. Here we demonstrate a fundamentally different and intrinsically information-richer modality of detecting NMR, based on the rotation of the polarization of a laser beam by the nuclear spins in a liquid sample. Optical NMR detection has in fact a long history in atomic vapours with narrow resonance lines, but has so far only been applied to highly specialized condensed matter systems such as quantum dots. It has been predicted that laser illumination can shift NMR frequencies and thus aid detection, but the effect is very small and has never been observed. In contrast, our measurements on water and liquid 129Xe show that the complementary effect-the rotation of light polarization by nuclear spins-is readily measurable, and that it is enhanced dramatically in samples containing heavy nuclei. This approach to optical NMR detection should allow correlated optical and NMR spectroscopy on complex molecules, and continuous two-dimensional imaging of nuclear magnetization with spatial resolution limited only by light diffraction.     

The redox state of arc mantle using Zn/Fe systematics

Many arc lavas are more oxidized than mid-ocean-ridge basalts and subduction introduces oxidized components into the mantle. As a consequence, the sub-arc mantle wedge is widely believed to be oxidized. The Fe oxidation state of sub-arc mantle is, however, difficult to determine directly, and debate persists as to whether this oxidation is intrinsic to the mantle source. Here we show that Zn/Fe(T) (where Fe(T) = Fe(2+)?+?Fe(3+)) is redox-sensitive and retains a memory of the valence state of Fe in primary arc basalts and their mantle sources. During melting of mantle peridotite, Fe(2+) and Zn behave similarly, but because Fe(3+) is more incompatible than Fe(2+), melts generated in oxidized environments have low Zn/Fe(T). Primitive arc magmas have identical Zn/Fe(T) to mid-ocean-ridge basalts, suggesting that primary mantle melts in arcs and ridges have similar Fe oxidation states. The constancy of Zn/Fe(T) during early differentiation involving olivine requires that Fe(3+)/Fe(T) remains low in the magma. Only after progressive fractionation does Fe(3+)/Fe(T) increase and stabilize magnetite as a fractionating phase. These results suggest that subduction of oxidized crustal material may not significantly alter the redox state of the mantle wedge. Thus, the higher oxidation states of arc lavas must be in part a consequence of shallow-level differentiation processes, though such processes remain poorly understood.     

Estimating nutrient budgets in a coastal lagoon

To estimate nutrient budgets,water samples were collected at 16 sites in Tapong lagoon from January 2004 through April 2005 and the parameters of water quality were analyzed immediately after collection.These data were used to build a box model for calculating nutrient budgets of the lagoon.We estimated the net amount of nutrient fluxes into (coming from creeks) and out (from tidal inlet) of the lagoon and calculated the total amount of nutrient that deposits into the sediment in a full tidal cycle.During J...     

台湾可持续能源发展指标建构与耦合性分析

为应对全球气候变迁之冲击,以及迈向低碳社会,推动可持续能源发展,已成为本世纪各国政府施政的重点.依据国际可持续能源指标架构,建立"台湾可持续能源指标系统",并以Eview计量软件进行指标项目与架构之"单根"(unit root)、"共整合"(integration)、与"因果"(causality)检定,并据此建构的长期稳定关系与各方面耦合性(coupling)的可持续能源发展指标"压力-状态-响应"(Pressure,State,Response,PSR)架构系统.回顾了台湾近18年(1990-2007)来可持续能源发展绩效,获得结论如下:1)台湾能源发展已朝向可持续性,其中以环境保护方面绩效最佳,而能源安全与经济竞争力仍需改善;2)整体指标架构的状态与响应指标耦合度相当高,惟压力指标则呈现脱钩(decoupling)现象;3)权重模拟分析发现,适当调整权重,可以大幅提高经济竞争力与环境保障方面指标耦合性,显示权重具敏感性;惟能源安全指标方面的权重较不具敏感性.