Evidence of widespread selection on standing variation in Europe at height-associated SNPs

Strong signatures of positive selection at newly arising genetic variants are well documented in humans, but this form of selection may not be widespread in recent human evolution. Because many human traits are highly polygenic and partly determined by common, ancient genetic variation, an alternative model for rapid genetic adaptation has been proposed: weak selection acting on many pre-existing (standing) genetic variants, or polygenic adaptation. By studying height, a classic polygenic trait, we demonstrate the first human signature of widespread selection on standing variation. We show that frequencies of alleles associated with increased height, both at known loci and genome wide, are systematically elevated in Northern Europeans compared with Southern Europeans (P < 4.3 × 10(-4)). This pattern mirrors intra-European height differences and is not confounded by ancestry or other ascertainment biases. The systematic frequency differences are consistent with the presence of widespread weak selection (selection coefficients ～10(-3)-10(-5) per allele) rather than genetic drift alone (P < 10(-15)).     

Mutations in NMNAT1 cause Leber congenital amaurosis and identify a new disease pathway for retinal degeneration

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a blinding retinal disease that presents within the first year after birth. Using exome sequencing, we identified mutations in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthase gene NMNAT1 encoding nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 in eight families with LCA, including the family in which LCA was originally linked to the LCA9 locus. Notably, all individuals with NMNAT1 mutations also have macular colobomas, which are severe degenerative entities of the central retina (fovea) devoid of tissue and photoreceptors. Functional assays of the proteins encoded by the mutant alleles identified in our study showed that the mutations reduce the enzymatic activity of NMNAT1 in NAD biosynthesis and affect protein folding. Of note, recent characterization of the slow Wallerian degeneration (Wld(s)) mouse model, in which prolonged axonal survival after injury is observed, identified NMNAT1 as a neuroprotective protein when ectopically expressed. Our findings identify a new disease mechanism underlying LCA and provide the first link between endogenous NMNAT1 dysfunction and a human nervous system disorder.     

考虑自动驾驶仪动态特性与攻击角约束的模糊自适应动态面末制导律

在大口径舰炮制导炮弹打击近岸机动目标的末制导段,考虑自动驾驶仪二阶动态特性与攻击角约束,基于模糊自适应逼近与动态面控制提出一种末制导律。构建二维弹目相对运动模型,运用扩张状态观测器估计目标加速度。为零化视线角的跟踪误差与视线角速率,采用自适应指数趋近律设计非奇异终端动态面滑模,设计模糊自适应系统逼近变结构项,削弱自动驾驶仪的控制指令抖振。通过Lyapunov第二法证明了闭环系统中视线角的跟踪误差与视线角速率均一致最终有界。仿真实验表明:该制导律使制导炮弹在打击具有不同加速度形式的目标时,均具备较好的末制导性能。     

大入射余角CFAR检测器

雷达在大入射余角高分辨率海杂波背景下检测时,等效后向散射面积增大,大部分海杂波能量投射到少数距离单元,能量分布不均,出现功率突然增大的杂波“异常单元”,导致检测器参考窗口所处的背景环境复杂多变,传统检测器检测概率降低,虚警率及误检率增加。为解决此问题,通过参考滑窗单元的协方差矩阵构造正定矩阵,求解其矩阵范数用以估计杂波功率水平,并采用支持向量机改进传统恒虚警率(constant false alarm rate,CFAR)检测器,得到基于正定矩阵杂波功率估计训练支持向量机的改进CFAR检测器。实验结果表明,新检测器在均匀杂波、多目标环境下检测性能稳定,在杂波边缘的虚警控制能力良好。     

固体化学课程建设的改革与实践

为了培养学生的学习兴趣,提高学生的实践能力和创新能力,在教学过程中加强课程建设,改革教学方法,更新教学手段以及完善考核制度,在近几年的教学实践中取得了良好的效果.     

基于奇异谱分析的我国航空客运量集成预测模型

针对时间序列包含噪声以及单一模型可能存在预测表现不稳定的问题,本文提出了一个基于奇异谱分析(SSA)的集成预测模型,并将其运用于我国年度航空客运量的预测中.首先,采用SSA方法对原始时间序列进行分解和重构,得到一个剔除噪声的时间序列,然后将其作为单整自回归移动平均模型(ARIMA)、支持向量回归模型(SVR)、Holt-Winters方法(HW)等单一模型的输入并进行预测,接着再采用加权平均集成预测方法(WA)将三种单一模型的预测结果进行综合集成.通过与各单一模型、基于经验模态分解方法(EMD)的模型以及简单平均集成预测方法(SA)的预测结果进行对比发现,本文所建模型具有较高的预测精度和较稳定的预测表现.最后,采用本文的模型对我国2014-2016年年度航空客运量进行了预测.     

基于自适应LPFT的非平稳信号到达角估计

对非平稳阵列信号处理来说,通过时频分析预处理可以提高对不同信源到达角(direction of arrival, DOA)的分辨能力和估计精度。本文以提高在多信号分量环境下时频表示的能量聚集性为目标,提出一种自适应的局部多项式傅里叶变换(local polynomial Fourier transform, LPFT)方法,通过对信号瞬时频率曲线进行多项式拟合,确定LPFT的窗函数长度及各阶系数,以较小的计算量实现自适应时频分析。在此基础上,提出一种基于自适应LPFT的多信号分类(multiple signal classification,MUSIC)算法。仿真结果表明,与其他时频MUSIC算法相比,该方法对信号形式的适应能力强,在DOA估计精度、多信源角度分辨能力方面具有一定优势。     

基于园林卓越人才培养的观赏植物组织培养课程实践改革

以园林专业卓越人才培养为目标,提出教学过程以应用与创新为导向,更新教学内容体系,探索引入项目式教学形式,调整考核方法.改革后的课程体系侧重学生实践动手能力与创新能力的培养,学生的学习主动性显著提高,在学生中反馈效果好,教学效果显著.     

相控阵多址系统中通道间群时延不一致性分析

首先从数学公式分析了多用户相控阵通信系统的通道时延将会引起调制数据过零点出现偏移;再针对多通道时延不一致的情况,通过理论和仿真分析发现,如果空分处理前不进行通道间时延均衡而直接进行数字波束形成处理,会使得输出信号失真,系统误码性能恶化.     

国内外物联网研究现状及展望

物联网以互联网为基础,通过多种信息传感装置实现物物互联,是信息科技领域发展的必然趋势.本文就物联网的基本概念、技术体系、关键技术等方面对物联网进行介绍,并根据一些事实对近年来国内外物联网的发展现状进行阐述,提出现阶段物联网发展存在的问题,最后对其未来发展进行了展望.