定性信息组成循环经济标杆下的最佳决策模型

文章首先利用物元的负正转换和发散性的思想找到与待决策单元同名、同值、同征的单元并收集它们的定性信息;其次,用层次分析方法给出了待决策单元标杆的选择方法;最后,给出依赖标杆的最佳决策模型。此模型是把策略的形成以及如何开拓策略集、优化技术的运算技巧结合起来。因而,此决策模型是利用了各种提高效益的潜在因素模型,并且具有较强的可操作性。     

Molecular dynamics simulation and continuum modelling of granular surface flow in rotating drums

Numerical simulations of granular flows in rotating drums operated at medium to high rates (Fr=0.1― 0.2) have been carried out by using a Molecular Dynamics (MD) algorithm that incorporates inelastic particle interactions, sliding friction and rolling friction. The results indicate that the behavior of granular flow in rotating drums can be classified into two distinct zones: a shear active layer at the bed surface and a quasi-static plug flow region adjacent to the wall. The residence time of a tracer particle in the active layer is approximately a third or a half of that in the plug flow region. The thickness of the active layer at mid-chord is about 0.57―0.61 times that of the plug flow region. It is found that all cases simulated in this work are in the rolling-cascading intermediate regime instead of the pure rolling re-gime. The simulated tangential velocity at the mid-chord is also compared with experimental results reported in the literature and good agreement has been obtained. Based on the MD simulations and experimental results, a continuum approach has also been developed. It is shown that the behavior of granular solids in the plug flow region experiences plastic deformation along the radial direction from the wall with the velocity profiles well described by an exponential function, whereas the active layer velocity follows a simple expression for the Couette shear flow. Discussion has also been made on the granular temperature and concentration profiles.     

Plasma sheet stretching accompanied by field aligned energetic ion fluxes observed by the NUADU instrument aboard TC-2

The NUADU (NeUtral Atom Detector Unit) instrument aboard TC-2 recorded 4л solid angle images of charged particles (E >180 keV) spiraling around the magnetic field lines in the near-Earth plasma sheet (at ~ -7 RE, equatorial dawn-to-night side) during a geomagnetic storm (Dst =-219 nT) on August 24, 2005. Energetic ion beam events characterized by symmetrical, ring-like, solid angle distributions around ambient magnetic field lines were observed during a 34-minute traversal of the plasma sheet by the TC-2 spacecraft. Also, observations during these multiple crossings of the plasma sheet were monitored by the magnetometer experiment (FGM) aboard the same spacecraft. During each crossing, a whistler-mode chorus enhancement was observed in the anisotropic area by the TC-2 low frequency electromagnetic wave detector (LFEW/TC-2) at a frequency just above that of the local lower hybrid wave. A comparison of the ion pitch angle distribution (PAD) map with the ambient magnetic field shows that an enhancement in the field aligned energetic ion flux was accompanied by tailward stretching of the magnetic field lines in the plasma sheet. In contrast, the perpendicular ion-flux enhancement was accompanied by a signature indicating the corresponding shrinkage of the magnetic field lines in the plasma sheet. Since both parallel ion-flux and perpendicular ion-flux enhancements occurred intermittently, the data were interpreted to imply a dynamical, oscillatory process of the magnetic field line (stretching and shrinking) in the near-Earth plasma sheet, which might have acted to help establish an interaction region in this area which would support continuous aurora-substorm triggering during the ongoing magnetic storm. The whistler-mode chorus may have been produced due to ion gyro-resonance during particle pitch angle diffusion after the plasma sheet compression.     

Netifilter/iptables的架构及应用

本文通过研究Linux 2.4/2.6内核netfilter/iptables的架构,介绍了如何利用基于Linux的iptables来构建防火墙.     

Fe3+/UV光催化降解活性染料X3B的研究

为考察活性染料X3B在Fe3 /UV(λ≥320nm)体系中的降解行为,研究了Fe3 浓度对X3B降解的影响.结果表明:X3B在Fe3 /UV体系中能有效降解,且降解速率常数随着Fe3 浓度的增加而增大;通过光谱比较、X3B降解过程中的光谱特征以及羟基猝灭实验等,推测了X3B的降解机理.研究结果支持羟基自由基机理,而非配合物降解机理.     

Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from transmitted solar radiation measurements

A method is presented for determining the optical thickness (τc) and effective particle radius (re) of stratiform cloud layers from transmitted solar radiation measurements. A detailed study shows that the cloud optical thickness and effective particle radius of water clouds can be determined from transmission function measurements at 0.75 and 2.13 μm, provided that the scaled optical thickness τ′0.75>1 and re>5 μm. The wavelengths adopted by our study are similar to the channels of the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS). The proposed method is invalid for optically thin clouds since transmission at 2.13 μm is less sensitive to re. The retrieval errors of τ′0.75 and re monotonically decrease with increasing τc. For clouds having τ′0.75≥2, the retrieval errors of τ′0.75 and re are below 10% and 20%, respectively. Transmissions at 0.75 and 1.65 μm can also be used to retrieve τc and re.     

Magnetic resonance imaging based volumetry:a primary approach to unravelling the brain

Magnetic resonance(MR)imaging based volumetry is recognized as an important technique for studying the brain.In this review,two principle volumetric methods using high resolution MR images were introduced,namely the Cavalieri method and the voxel based morphometry(VBM).The Cavalieri method represents a manual technique that allows the volume of brain structures to be estimated efficiently with no systematic error or sampling bias,whereby the VBM represents an automated image analysis which involves the use of statistical parametric mapping of the MR imaging data.Both methods have been refined and applied extensively in recent neuro- science research.The present paper aims to describe the development of methodologies and also to update the knowledge of their applica- tions in studying the normal and diseased brain.     

耦合色散方程的隐对称结构及其可积性

用延拓（Ｐｒｏｌｏｎｇａｔｉｏｎ）方法分析耦合色散方程的隐对称结构，给出了它的无限维李代数表示。并从理论上导出了该系统的线性谱一般形式，从而证明了它是严格可解的。     

要重数量,更要重质量：人人受教育运动的精神实质

1990年国际社会在泰国清迈召开的会议庄严承诺,让所有人——儿童、青年和成人,都有受教育的机会。不仅如此,这次会议"扩展"了基础教育的基本观念。会议确认,基础教育的宗旨,乃是为满足以下需要而提供基本知识:第一,生存;第二,让受教育者充分发展自己的能力和才能;第三,就业;第四,参与地方和国家发展;第五,提高受教育者的生活质量;第六,使受教育者能够在了解的基础上作出决定;第七,继续学习。     

一种新式的气-液搅拌釜式反应器

这种新设计提高了气体溶解速度和化学反应速度,并且可减少气体和动力消耗。该设计改进了目前所使用的釜式反应器。