Human xylosyltransferases in health and disease

The xylosyltransferases I and II (XT-I, XT-II, EC 2.4.2.26) catalyze the transfer of xylose from UDP-xylose to selected serine residues in the proteoglycan core protein, which is the initial and ratelimiting step in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Both xylosyltransferases are Golgi-resident enzymes and transfer xylose to similar core proteins acceptors. XT-I and XT-II are differentially expressed in cell types and tissues, although the reason for the existence of two xylosyltransferase isoforms in all higher organisms remains elusive. Serum xylosyltransferase activity was found to be a biochemical marker for the assessment of disease activity in systemic sclerosis and for the diagnosis of fibrotic remodeling processes. Furthermore, sequence variations in the XT-I and XT-II coding genes were identified as risk factors for diabetic nephropathy, osteoarthritis or pseudoxanthoma elasticum. These findings point to the important role of the xylosyltransferases as disease modifiers in pathologies which are characterized by an altered proteoglycan metabolism. The present review discusses recent advances in mammalian xylosyltransferases and the impact of xylosyltransferases in proteoglycan-associated diseases. Received 9 February 2007; accepted 5 March 2007     

Autoradiographic evidence for binding of 3H-flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) to melanin granules in the cat eye

This autoradiographic study revealed after an i.,v. injection an accumulation of 3H-flunitrazepam in melanin granules of the pigment epithelium and of the choroid cells. It seems that after a short period, a large proportion of the strongly bound drug is released.     

Transferrin receptor 1 is a cellular receptor for New World haemorrhagic fever arenaviruses

At least five arenaviruses cause viral haemorrhagic fevers in humans. Lassa virus, an Old World arenavirus, uses the cellular receptor alpha-dystroglycan to infect cells. Machupo, Guanarito, Junin and Sabia viruses are New World haemorrhagic fever viruses that do not use alpha-dystroglycan. Here we show a specific, high-affinity association between transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and the entry glycoprotein (GP) of Machupo virus. Expression of human TfR1, but not human transferrin receptor 2, in hamster cell lines markedly enhanced the infection of viruses pseudotyped with the GP of Machupo, Guanarito and Junin viruses, but not with those of Lassa or lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses. An anti-TfR1 antibody efficiently inhibited the replication of Machupo, Guanarito, Junin and Sabia viruses, but not that of Lassa virus. Iron depletion of culture medium enhanced, and iron supplementation decreased, the efficiency of infection by Junin and Machupo but not Lassa pseudoviruses. These data indicate that TfR1 is a cellular receptor for New World haemorrhagic fever arenaviruses.     

Formation and contents of yellow-pine chipmunk ( Tamias amoenus ) winter larders

Despite much attention to the foraging habits and hibernation patterns of food-storing mammals, little is known about the contents of winter larders under natural conditions or how animals prepare a winter larder. Here we describe the contents of 15 yellow-pine chipmunk ( Tamias amoenus ) winter larders from 3 different years and describe the movement of scatter-hoarded seeds into larders. We found larders by locating 14 radio-collared chipmunks in their winter dens. One additional larder was found by tracking the movement of seeds labeled with radioactive scandium-46 from scattered caches into the larder. Chipmunks formed winter dens and rapidly provisioned winter larders in the fall, just before the onset of winter. Surface caches were dynamic, with seeds residing in 1–6 cache sites (mean = 2.6, SD = 1.1) before being found in the larder. Distances from scattered caches to the winter larder were 34.5 m (SD = 17.1). Contents of winter larders consisted of pine and shrub seeds. In 14 of the 15 larders, pine seeds contributed most to the size and caloric content of larders. Pine seeds and other seeds found in winter larders were produced by plants 2–4 months before the onset of winter. We conclude that if yellow-pine chipmunks did not scatter-hoard seeds during summer and autumn, seeds would not have been available for use in winter larders.     

The filling mechanism of the swimbladder

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass die Erzeugung der hohen Gasdrucke, welche in der Schwimmblase von Tiefseefischen beobachtet werden, durchVervielfachung bekannter Konzentrier-Einzeleffekte in der durch das rete mirabile gegebenen Haarnadelgegenstromvorrichtung möglich ist.Der Konzentrier-Einzeleffekt — eine kleine Erhöhung der Gaskonzentration in den afferenten relativ zu benachbarten efferenten Kapillarelementen — dürfte bei allen Gasen durch eine geringe Erhöhung der Elektrolytkonzentration (Aussalzwirkung) zustande kommen.Im Falle von Sauerstoff überlagern sich der Aussalzwirkung bei Zusatz von Milchsäure die durch pH-Verschiebung bedingten Bohr- und Rooteffekte, wobei die Substanzen dem Blut am Scheitel des rete durch die dort befindliche Drüse zugefügt werden.Auf Grund der vorliegenden Berechnungen, die sich auf die beim Aal gegebenen Verhältnisse stützen, würde eine relative Erhöhung des Salzgehaltes um 0,02M/I im Falle von Stickstoff einen Einzeleffekt erzeugen, aus welchem infolge der durch das rete bewirkten Vervielfachung ein Partialdruck von etwa 25 Atm N₂ aufgebaut werden könnte.Eine relative Erhöhung des Milchsäuregehaltes in den efferenten Kapillaren um 45 mg% (beim Aalin vivo experimentell bestätigt) müsste für Sauerstoff einen Einzeleffekt hervorbringen, der bis zu Enddrucken von 3000 Atm multipliziert werden kann. Die genaue Analyse lässt in diesem Fall erkennen, dass bei niedrigen Partialdrücken der Bohr- und Rooteffekt, und nach Erreichung hoher O₂-Drücke, der Aussalzeffekt den im Gegenstrom vervielfachten Einzeleffekt bildet.Es wird ein Modellversuch beschrieben, bei welchem die Anreicherung eines Gases durch Vervielfachung des Aussalzeffektes in einer Gegenstromvorrichtung tatsächlich durchgeführt wurde.Es wird weiter darauf hingewiesen, dass der Vorgang im Gesamteffekt einenaktiven Transport darstellt und es wird die Herkunft der für einen solchen Vorgang benötigten freien Energie durch eine thermodynamische Betrachtung aufgezeigt.Im übrigen wurde versucht, die allgemeinen Prinzipien der Gegenstrom-Multiplikation verständlich zu machen, und bestehende Theorien über die Gaskonzentrierung in der Schwimmblase wurden im Lichte dieser Erkenntnisse einer sachlichen Diskussion und Kritik unterworfen.     

Kontraktiles redox-system bestehend aus reinem polyvinylalkohol in gegenwart von 2-methylnaphtochinon-1,4

Summary Crosslinked foils of pure (commercial) polyvinylalcohol, swollen in an acetate-puffer (pH=5), in presence of 2-methylnaphtochinon 1,4 and platinum are found to act as redox-muscles contracting and dilating when treated with hydrogen and oxygen.Mechanical stretching of the filaments is associated with a shift of the redox-potential.     

Über die Einwirkung des Schilddrüsenhormons auf die Ossifikation

Summary Larvae ofSalamandra salamandra quadrivirgata Dürigen and tadpoles ofXenopus laevis Daud, treated with a percutaneous application of thyroxin, show a more intensive calcification of their skeletal system after a precocious metamorphosis. The calcified area of bones is increased; additional centres of calcification can be distinguished in quite a number of other skeletal elements. By thyroxin-soaked agar implants in the hindlimbs ofAmbystoma mexicanum, deposition of calcium salts is furthered in the bones of the leg treated, as well as in the adjacent pelvic girdle, thus demonstrating that the thyroid hormone exerts a direct effect upon calcification. It is supposed that during normal metamorphosis the thyroid gland plays an equal part in the process of calcification in the skeletal system.     

Äußere Abmessungen von Fadenmolekülen in Lösung

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Über die Gestalt von Fadenmolekülen in Lösung

Summary Some arguments put forward byG. Bier in a recent article in order to supportH. Staudinger's assumption that chain molecules in solution should behave like straight rigid rods are examined. It is shown that the assumptions made byG. Bier are largely arbitrary. The main argument is the assumption that the C-C-bond in long chain molecules should not show any rotation. As far as this point is concerned, attention is drawn to some recent publications showing that the viscosity of shape of chain molecules can be determined by experiment (specific viscosity and double refraction of flow at high velocity gradients). According to these determinations the time necessary for a complete change of shape, using partially free rotation, is of the order of 10^–5–10^–3 seconds for molecules like nitrocellulose or polystyrene up to degrees of polymerization of several thousands and for viscosities of the solvent of the order of 10^–2 poises.