Rain, winds and haze during the Huygens probe's descent to Titan's surface

The irreversible conversion of methane into higher hydrocarbons in Titan's stratosphere implies a surface or subsurface methane reservoir. Recent measurements from the cameras aboard the Cassini orbiter fail to see a global reservoir, but the methane and smog in Titan's atmosphere impedes the search for hydrocarbons on the surface. Here we report spectra and high-resolution images obtained by the Huygens Probe Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer instrument in Titan's atmosphere. Although these images do not show liquid hydrocarbon pools on the surface, they do reveal the traces of once flowing liquid. Surprisingly like Earth, the brighter highland regions show complex systems draining into flat, dark lowlands. Images taken after landing are of a dry riverbed. The infrared reflectance spectrum measured for the surface is unlike any other in the Solar System; there is a red slope in the optical range that is consistent with an organic material such as tholins, and absorption from water ice is seen. However, a blue slope in the near-infrared suggests another, unknown constituent. The number density of haze particles increases by a factor of just a few from an altitude of 150 km to the surface, with no clear space below the tropopause. The methane relative humidity near the surface is 50 per cent.     

2-Imidazolone analogues of histamine

Zusammenfassung Die 2-Imidazolon-Analoge der Histamine und 6-Methylspinaceamin wurden synthesiert. Die neuen Imidazolonstoffe scheinen pharmakologisch unwirksam.     

Effect of spreading depression on electrical activity and dopamine turnover in the striatum of rats

Zusammenfassung Während einstündiger epiduraler Applikation vo n25% KCl zeigte sich bei Ratten eine Abnahme der elektrischen Aktivität im homolateralen Cortex und Striatum (spreading depression), die nach Entfernung des KCl reversibel war. Mit dem Auftreten von EEG-Veränderungen erfolgte im Gehirn auch ein reversibler Anstieg der Homovanillinsäure, nicht aber des Dopamins (DA), wahrscheinlich als Ausdruck eines gesteigerten DA-Umsatzes. Es wird geschlossen, dass während unilateraler epiduraler KCl-Applikation eine Inaktivierung des homolateralen Striatums besteht, welche möglicherweise durch Desaktivation einer inhibitorischen cortico- und/oder striato-nigralen Bahn zu einer Erhöhung des DA-Umsatzes führt.     

The pharmacology of Parkinson's disease: Basic aspects and recent advances

Summary Basic aspects and recent advances in the understanding of the pharmacological mechanism of action of the clinically most used antiparkinson drugs are reviewed. Recent human and animal biochemical investigations clearly confirm and extend previous findings indicating that benserazide is much more potent than carbidopa as peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. L-DOPA in combination with benserazide or carbidopa constitutes the best available therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). To reduce peaks and rapid fluctuations of L-DOPA plasma levels (possibly responsible for peak-dose dyskinesias and end-of-dose deterioration) a slow-release formulation of L-DOPA in combination with benserazide or with benserazide plus catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors should be developed. In parkinsonian patients under long-term L-DOPA therapy monoamine oxidase inhibitors type B (MAO-B) e.g. (–)-deprenyl and firect dopamine receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide etc.), due to their L-DOPA-sparing effects, alleviate in some cases L-DOPA-induced side-effects e.g. dyskinesias and on-off phenomena. However, since (–)-deprenylm, due to its metabolism to (–)methamphetamine and (–)amphetamine, seem to have indirect sympathomimetic activity, new selective MAO-B inhibitors devoid of indirect sympathomimetic effects should be tested clinically to assess the functional role of pure MAO-B inhibition in the therapy of PD. The auxiliary therapy with direct dopmaine receptor agonists of the D-2 subtype represents another valid approach which should be further investigated in order to find novel dopamine agonists, less expensive than bromocriptine and strictly selective for D-2 receptor sites.     

矩形管翻领成型器曲面研究

研究了矩形管翻领成型器领口交接曲线和曲面的形成，建立了矩形管翻领成型器的肩曲面及其边界曲线的数学模型，给出了矩形管翻领成型器高度与其它参数的关系式，为矩形管翻领成型器的CAD／CAM提供了数学依据。     

苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)中两个gcvA基因的鉴定及其特性

GcvA蛋白是LysR转录因子家族成员, 在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中, 它激活编码裂解甘氨酸酶系(GCV)操纵子(gcvTHP)的表达, 这一过程受甘氨酸诱导. 在以前的工作中, 我们分别突变了苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)中90个LysR家族转录因子, 并鉴定了突变株的表型. 本研究证明了苜蓿中华根瘤菌基因组中存在2个gcvA基因gcvA1和gcvA2; 苜蓿中华根瘤菌gcvTHP操纵子的充分激活需要它们的同时存在. gcvA1对gcvTHP操纵子的激活需要甘氨酸诱导, 而gcvA2对gcvTHP操纵子的激活则不需要甘氨酸诱导, 推测苜蓿中华根瘤菌中gcvTHP表达的调控机制与大肠杆菌中的不同. 进化分析显示, 很多原细菌中都存在GcvA蛋白, 而苜蓿中华根瘤菌的GcvA1和GcvA2与大肠杆菌的GcvA的亲缘关系很远, 这也许可以解释它们gcvTHP表达调控模式的不同. 研究结果为LysR基因家族的功能提供了新的线索.