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221.
Sicardy B Ortiz JL Assafin M Jehin E Maury A Lellouch E Hutton RG Braga-Ribas F Colas F Hestroffer D Lecacheux J Roques F Santos-Sanz P Widemann T Morales N Duffard R Thirouin A Castro-Tirado AJ Jelínek M Kubánek P Sota A Sánchez-Ramírez R Andrei AH Camargo JI da Silva Neto DN Gomes AR Martins RV Gillon M Manfroid J Tozzi GP Harlingten C Saravia S Behrend R Mottola S Melendo EG Peris V Fabregat J Madiedo JM Cuesta L Eibe MT Ullán A Organero F Pastor S de Los Reyes JA Pedraz S Castro A 《Nature》2011,478(7370):493-496
The dwarf planet Eris is a trans-Neptunian object with an orbital eccentricity of 0.44, an inclination of 44 degrees and a surface composition very similar to that of Pluto. It resides at present at 95.7 astronomical units (1?AU is the Earth-Sun distance) from Earth, near its aphelion and more than three times farther than Pluto. Owing to this great distance, measuring its size or detecting a putative atmosphere is difficult. Here we report the observation of a multi-chord stellar occultation by Eris on 6 November 2010 UT. The event is consistent with a spherical shape for Eris, with radius 1,163?±?6?kilometres, density 2.52?±?0.05 grams per cm(3) and a high visible geometric albedo, Pv = 0.96(+0.09)(-0.04). No nitrogen, argon or methane atmospheres are detected with surface pressure larger than ~1?nanobar, about 10,000 times more tenuous than Pluto's present atmosphere. As Pluto's radius is estimated to be between 1,150 and 1,200 kilometres, Eris appears as a Pluto twin, with a bright surface possibly caused by a collapsed atmosphere, owing to its cold environment. We anticipate that this atmosphere may periodically sublimate as Eris approaches its perihelion, at 37.8 astronomical units from the Sun. 相似文献
222.
223.
马余刚 《复旦学报(自然科学版)》2007,46(1)
1IntroductionPhase transition and critical phenomenon are extensively debatable subjects in the natural sciences.Re-cently,the same concept was introduced into the astronomical objects[1]as well as the microscopic systems,such as in atomic cluster[2]and n… 相似文献
224.
中朝板块北缘志留纪海岛的发现 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在内蒙古达尔罕茂明安联合旗北部巴特敖包地区发现了志留纪的海岸带及其底栖无脊椎动物化石(层孔虫、日射与床板珊瑚等),证实当时该地发育一个位于中朝古板块北缘大陆棚上的小海岛,将其命名为巴特岛.该岛的基部由奥陶纪火成岩组成,长、短轴分别为610和200m,现今呈北东-南西向延伸.志留纪罗德洛世(距今约420Ma)的地层围绕该岛分布,产状向四周倾状.巴特岛的南缘(背风)发育皮壳状生物,栖息在火成岩顶面并被 相似文献
225.
Advances in our understanding of cardiac development have fuelled research into cellular approaches to myocardial repair of
the damaged heart. In this collection of reviews we present recent advances into the basic mechanisms of heart development
and the resident and non-resident progenitor cell populations that are currently being investigated as potential mediators
of cardiac repair. Together these reviews illustrate that despite our current knowledge about how the heart is constructed,
caution and much more research in this exciting field is essential. The current momentum to evaluate the potential for cardiac
repair will in turn accelerate research into fundamental aspects of myocardial biology. 相似文献
226.
de Wit PJ 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(21):2726-2732
Plants have an innate immunity system to defend themselves against pathogens. With the primary immune system, plants recognize
microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) of potential pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate
a basal defense response. Plant pathogens suppress this basal defense response by means of effectors that enable them to cause
disease. With the secondary immune system, plants have gained the ability to recognize effector-induced perturbations of host
targets through resistance proteins (RPs) that mediate a strong local defense response that stops pathogen growth. Both primary
and secondary immune responses in plants depend on germ line-encoded PRRs and RPs. During induction of local immune responses,
systemic immune responses also become activated, which predispose plants to become more resistant to subsequent pathogen attacks.
This review gives an update on recent findings that have enhanced our understanding of plant innate immunity and the arms
race between plants and their pathogens.
Received 24 June 2007; received after revision 18 July 2007; accepted 15 August 2007 相似文献
227.
Komen JC Distelmaier F Koopman WJ Wanders RJ Smeitink J Willems PH 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(24):3271-3281
Refsum disease is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of the dietary branched-chain
fatty acid phytanic acid in plasma and tissues caused by a defect in the alphaoxidation pathway. The accumulation of phytanic
acid is believed to be the main pathophysiological cause of the disease. However, the exact mechanism(s) by which phytanic
acid exerts its toxicity have not been resolved. In this study, the effect of phytanic acid on mitochondrial respiration was
investigated. The results show that in digitonin-permeabilized fibroblasts, phytanic acid decreases ATP synthesis, whereas
substrate oxidation per se is not affected. Importantly, studies in intact fibroblasts revealed that phytanic acid decreases both the mitochondrial
membrane potential and NAD(P)H autofluorescence. Taken together, the results described here show that unesterified phytanic
acid exerts its toxic effect mainly through its protonophoric action, at least in human skin fibroblasts.
Received 4 August 2007; received after revision 26 September 2007; accepted 10 October 2007
J. C. Komen, F. Distelmaier: These authors contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
228.
Saenz HL Engel P Stoeckli MC Lanz C Raddatz G Vayssier-Taussat M Birtles R Schuster SC Dehio C 《Nature genetics》2007,39(12):1469-1476
The bacterial genus Bartonella comprises 21 pathogens causing characteristic intraerythrocytic infections. Bartonella bacilliformis is a severe pathogen representing an ancestral lineage, whereas the other species are benign pathogens that evolved by radial speciation. Here, we have used comparative and functional genomics to infer pathogenicity genes specific to the radiating lineage, and we suggest that these genes may have facilitated adaptation to the host environment. We determined the complete genome sequence of Bartonella tribocorum by shotgun sequencing and functionally identified 97 pathogenicity genes by signature-tagged mutagenesis. Eighty-one pathogenicity genes belong to the core genome (1,097 genes) of the radiating lineage inferred from genome comparison of B. tribocorum, Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana. Sixty-six pathogenicity genes are present in B. bacilliformis, and one has been lost by deletion. The 14 pathogenicity genes specific for the radiating lineage encode two laterally acquired type IV secretion systems, suggesting that these systems have a role in host adaptability. 相似文献
229.
230.
Numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been discovered in the genomes of higher eukaryotes, and functional studies indicate that they are important during development. However, little is known concerning the function of individual miRNAs. We approached this problem in zebrafish by combining identification of miRNA expression, functional analyses and experimental validation of potential targets. We show that miR-214 is expressed during early segmentation stages in somites and that varying its expression alters the expression of genes regulated by Hedgehog signaling. Inhibition of miR-214 results in a reduction or loss of slow-muscle cell types. We show that su(fu) mRNA, encoding a negative regulator of Hedgehog signaling, is targeted by miR-214. Through regulation of su(fu), miR-214 enables precise specification of muscle cell types by sharpening cellular responses to Hedgehog. 相似文献