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341.
The hormone insulin is stored in secretory granules and released from the pancreatic beta-cells by exocytosis. In the consensus model of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, ATP is generated by mitochondrial metabolism, promoting closure of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, which depolarizes the plasma membrane. Subsequently, opening of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) which constitutes the main trigger initiating insulin exocytosis. Nevertheless, the Ca2+ signal alone is not sufficient for sustained secretion. Furthermore, glucose elicits a secretory response under conditions of clamped, elevated [Ca2+]c. A mitochondrial messenger must therefore exist which is distinct from ATP. We have now identified this as glutamate. We show that glucose generates glutamate from beta-cell mitochondria. A membrane-permeant glutamate analogue sensitizes the glucose-evoked secretory response, acting downstream of mitochondrial metabolism. In permeabilized cells, under conditions of fixed [Ca2+]c, added glutamate directly stimulates insulin exocytosis, independently of mitochondrial function. Glutamate uptake by the secretory granules is likely to be involved, as inhibitors of vesicular glutamate transport suppress the glutamate-evoked exocytosis. These results demonstrate that glutamate acts as an intracellular messenger that couples glucose metabolism to insulin secretion. 相似文献
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A structural change in the kinesin motor protein that drives motility 总被引:34,自引:0,他引:34
Rice S Lin AW Safer D Hart CL Naber N Carragher BO Cain SM Pechatnikova E Wilson-Kubalek EM Whittaker M Pate E Cooke R Taylor EW Milligan RA Vale RD 《Nature》1999,402(6763):778-784
Kinesin motors power many motile processes by converting ATP energy into unidirectional motion along microtubules. The force-generating and enzymatic properties of conventional kinesin have been extensively studied; however, the structural basis of movement is unknown. Here we have detected and visualized a large conformational change of an approximately 15-amino-acid region (the neck linker) in kinesin using electron paramagnetic resonance, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, pre-steady state kinetics and cryo-electron microscopy. This region becomes immobilized and extended towards the microtubule 'plus' end when kinesin binds microtubules and ATP, and reverts to a more mobile conformation when gamma-phosphate is released after nucleotide hydrolysis. This conformational change explains both the direction of kinesin motion and processive movement by the kinesin dimer. 相似文献
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Prion diseases can be infectious, sporadic and genetic. The infectious forms of these diseases, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are usually characterized by the accumulation in the brain of the transmissible pathogen, an abnormally folded isoform of the prion protein (PrP) termed PrPSc. However, certain inherited PrP mutations appear to cause neurodegeneration in the absence of PrPSc, working instead by favoured synthesis of CtmPrP, a transmembrane form of PrP. The relationship between the neurodegeneration seen in transmissible prion diseases involving PrPSc and that associated with ctmPrP has remained unclear. Here we find that the effectiveness of accumulated PrPSc in causing neurodegenerative disease depends upon the predilection of host-encoded PrP to be made in the ctmPrP form. Furthermore, the time course of PrPSc accumulation in transmissible prion disease is followed closely by increased generation of CtmPrP. Thus, the accumulation of PrPSc appears to modulate in trans the events involved in generating or metabolising CtmPrP. Together, these data suggest that the events of CtmPrP-mediated neurodegeneration may represent a common step in the pathogenesis of genetic and infectious prion diseases. 相似文献
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Amin AR Attur MG Pillinger M Abramson SB 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1999,56(3-4):305-312
Recent studies have suggested that aspirin and aspirin-like compounds have a variety of actions in addition to their well-studied
ability to inhibit cyclooxygenases. These actions include inhibition of the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, decreases
in adenosine triphosphate stores, increases in extracellular adenosine, downregulation of the expression and activity of inducible
nitric oxide synthetase, inhibition and/or stimulation of various mitogen-activated protein kinase activities and inhibition
of nuclear factor binding κB site (NF-κB) activation. Moreover, aspirin-like compounds have recently been shown to have previously
unappreciated clinical and biological effects, some apparently independent of cyclooxygenase. In this review we discuss the
various mechanisms of action of aspirin-like compounds and their relevance to clinical disease and therapy.
Received 1 February 1999; received after revision 1 April 1999; accepted 7 May 1999 相似文献