Tribbles: novel regulators of cell function; evolutionary aspects

Identification of rate-limiting steps or components of intracellular second messenger systems holds promise to effectively interfere with these pathways under pathological conditions. The emerging literature on a recently identified family of signalling regulator proteins, called tribbles gives interesting clues for how these proteins seem to link several ‘independent’ signal processing systems together. Via their unique way of action, tribbles co-ordinate the activation and suppression of the various interacting signalling pathways and therefore appear to be key in determining cell fate while responding to environmental challenges. This review summarises our current understanding of tribbles function and also provides an evolutionary perspective on the various tribbles genes. Received 10 January 2006; received after revision 20 March 2006; accepted 5 April 2006     

糖蜜制备环保手洗型餐具洗涤剂的研究

以甘蔗糖蜜为原料，利用糖蜜中的糖类与辛烯基琥珀酸酐反应制备辛烯基琥珀酸糖酯，对其性质进行研究，并以辛烯基琥珀酸糖酯为主要活性成分复配手洗型餐具洗涤剂，对该餐具洗涤剂的性质和去污力进行研究. 结果表明，实验制备的辛烯基琥珀酸糖酯稳定性良好，具有较好的起泡性和起泡稳定性. 以辛烯基琥珀酸糖酯为主要成分制备的手洗型餐具洗涤剂具有适宜的黏度，良好的起泡性和去污力，符合国标中餐具洗涤剂的要求.     

新型钢筋阻锈剂的作用机理

针对添加阻锈剂后钝化的试件,通过对其钢筋表面、与钢筋距离较近的混凝土薄层和与钢筋距离较远的混凝土薄层的铵含量进行测试,进一步分析了阻绣剂的阻锈作用机理。结果发现,钢筋表面薄层内含有一定量的铵根;距钢筋较近的混凝土薄层含N量比距钢筋较远的混凝土薄层含N量高。由此可以推测阻锈剂含N的极性基团可以吸附在钢筋表面,阻止氯离子等有害离子的侵入,从而阻止和延缓钢筋锈蚀的发生。最主要的原因之一是N的电负性比Cl的大,而N的原子半径比Cl的还要小,在与Cl竞争吸附的过程中,N更容易吸附到钢筋表面,从而阻止氯离子等有害离子的侵入,保护钢筋不被锈蚀。     

光子的质量与真空中光速的色散

若光子是有质量的重光子，它的频率有一确定的最小值，光速则有一个确定的下限，仅低于极限速度 约10 % .与介质中光速的色散不同，由光子质量引起的色散几乎全部集中发生在最小频率附近狭窄的频率范围内，高于长波无线电频率的电磁波的速度都是饱和的，即等于极限速度 .因此，光速等于常数 的测量结果以及康普顿散射实验，都不表明光子的质量必然为零.静电场的传播速度应该等于光速的下限，后者则是光速色散的标志，所以，测量静电场的传播速度等同于观察光速的色散，从而有助于判断光子是否有质量     

Sperm viability in the reproductive tract of females in a population of Sceloporus mucronatus exhibiting asynchronous reproduction

Asynchronous reproduction is a common phenomenon in high-elevation populations of lizards from Central México. Sperm storage in the reproductive tract of females is the mechanism for making oocyte fertilization possible. Our study addresses questions related to functional oviductal sperm storage of females mating on different dates throughout the reproductive season. A population of Sceloporus mucronatus with copulation in the summer and ovulation in the fall was chosen for this experiment. Eleven females that copulated in the field during June and 13 females that copulated in captivity during August were maintained in the laboratory until parturition. The number of pregnant females and the litter sizes produced in each experimental group were indicative of the viability of the stored sperm. Sperm stored in the reproductive tract of females were able to fertilize eggs after 4 months. No significant differences were found in the number of pregnant females between the 2 experimental groups nor in the litter sizes that they produced. We found that the amount of time sperm were held in the female reproductive tract (ca. 3 months) had no effect on the capacity of sperm to fertilize eggs. Histological examination of 8 oviducts collected before the mating season eliminated the possibility of sperm storage from one year to the next. In this system, sperm retention could have evolved as a response mechanism to deal with the asynchrony between sexes in the reproductive cycles. However, we cannot rule out alternative hypotheses.     

Small G proteins are expressed ubiquitously in lymphoid cells and do not correspond to Bcl-2

The bcl-2 gene is consistently associated with t(14; 18) chromosomal translocations observed in a large fraction of human B-cell lymphomas. The t(14; 18) translocation results in deregulated expression of the bcl-2 gene and synthesis of inappropriately high levels of the Bcl-2 protein. Gene transfer studies suggest a role for Bcl-2 in cell survival, growth enhancement and oncogenic transformation. To test the suggestion that GTP-binding by Bcl-2 may mediate its biological effects we characterized the GTP-binding proteins in lymphoid cells expressing Bcl-2. Expression of several small GTP-binding proteins was found to be ubiquitous and did not vary with levels of Bcl-2. By using immunological, electrophoretic and cell-fractionation techniques, we separated Bcl-2 from G proteins of small relative molecular mass (Mr) and showed that it is incapable of binding GTP. Our results show that small Mr G proteins are widely expressed in lymphoid cells and that Bcl-2 is not a novel member of this GTP-binding protein family.     

二自由度自谐式机器人动力学的研究

本文对引用弹性元件的二自由度谐式机器人的动力学进行了分析,在该模型中引入了负反馈系统。按预期的机构运动规律和系统的稳定性要求,研究了反馈放大系数的合理选择,并对构件单独和同时运动的仿真图线进行了分析。     

Influences of Electrolytes on Soap-Free P（ST-MMA-AA） Emulsion Polymerization

1 Introduction Functional polymer microspheres are kinds of polymer particles with special structures, morphologies or functional groups~([1]), and have been gained much attention because of their specific properties and their application since 1980s. Although some researches have investigated that the latex particle size and its distribution, as well as the stability of polymerization and the resultant latex were strongly influenced by introducing electrolyte into the emulsion polymerization …