全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11623篇 |
免费 | 45篇 |
国内免费 | 71篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 61篇 |
丛书文集 | 29篇 |
教育与普及 | 21篇 |
理论与方法论 | 32篇 |
现状及发展 | 5433篇 |
研究方法 | 586篇 |
综合类 | 5449篇 |
自然研究 | 128篇 |
出版年
2012年 | 205篇 |
2011年 | 300篇 |
2010年 | 76篇 |
2009年 | 74篇 |
2008年 | 201篇 |
2007年 | 242篇 |
2006年 | 246篇 |
2005年 | 233篇 |
2004年 | 202篇 |
2003年 | 195篇 |
2002年 | 247篇 |
2001年 | 435篇 |
2000年 | 427篇 |
1999年 | 288篇 |
1992年 | 236篇 |
1991年 | 194篇 |
1990年 | 215篇 |
1989年 | 191篇 |
1988年 | 201篇 |
1987年 | 219篇 |
1986年 | 190篇 |
1985年 | 252篇 |
1984年 | 226篇 |
1983年 | 171篇 |
1982年 | 176篇 |
1981年 | 180篇 |
1980年 | 170篇 |
1979年 | 403篇 |
1978年 | 340篇 |
1977年 | 250篇 |
1976年 | 290篇 |
1975年 | 260篇 |
1974年 | 272篇 |
1973年 | 224篇 |
1972年 | 244篇 |
1971年 | 308篇 |
1970年 | 374篇 |
1969年 | 254篇 |
1968年 | 307篇 |
1967年 | 292篇 |
1966年 | 249篇 |
1965年 | 178篇 |
1964年 | 99篇 |
1959年 | 88篇 |
1958年 | 162篇 |
1957年 | 100篇 |
1956年 | 91篇 |
1955年 | 85篇 |
1954年 | 77篇 |
1948年 | 64篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
201.
Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kirkby J Curtius J Almeida J Dunne E Duplissy J Ehrhart S Franchin A Gagné S Ickes L Kürten A Kupc A Metzger A Riccobono F Rondo L Schobesberger S Tsagkogeorgas G Wimmer D Amorim A Bianchi F Breitenlechner M David A Dommen J Downard A Ehn M Flagan RC Haider S Hansel A Hauser D Jud W Junninen H Kreissl F Kvashin A Laaksonen A Lehtipalo K Lima J Lovejoy ER Makhmutov V Mathot S Mikkilä J Minginette P Mogo S Nieminen T Onnela A Pereira P Petäjä T Schnitzhofer R Seinfeld JH Sipilä M Stozhkov Y 《Nature》2011,476(7361):429-433
Atmospheric aerosols exert an important influence on climate through their effects on stratiform cloud albedo and lifetime and the invigoration of convective storms. Model calculations suggest that almost half of the global cloud condensation nuclei in the atmospheric boundary layer may originate from the nucleation of aerosols from trace condensable vapours, although the sensitivity of the number of cloud condensation nuclei to changes of nucleation rate may be small. Despite extensive research, fundamental questions remain about the nucleation rate of sulphuric acid particles and the mechanisms responsible, including the roles of galactic cosmic rays and other chemical species such as ammonia. Here we present the first results from the CLOUD experiment at CERN. We find that atmospherically relevant ammonia mixing ratios of 100 parts per trillion by volume, or less, increase the nucleation rate of sulphuric acid particles more than 100-1,000-fold. Time-resolved molecular measurements reveal that nucleation proceeds by a base-stabilization mechanism involving the stepwise accretion of ammonia molecules. Ions increase the nucleation rate by an additional factor of between two and more than ten at ground-level galactic-cosmic-ray intensities, provided that the nucleation rate lies below the limiting ion-pair production rate. We find that ion-induced binary nucleation of H(2)SO(4)-H(2)O can occur in the mid-troposphere but is negligible in the boundary layer. However, even with the large enhancements in rate due to ammonia and ions, atmospheric concentrations of ammonia and sulphuric acid are insufficient to account for observed boundary-layer nucleation. 相似文献
202.
郭培国 Michael Baum 李荣华 Stefania Grando Andreas Graner Jan Valkoun 《广州大学学报(自然科学版)》2007,6(5):32-36,F0003
耐旱性是干旱地区稳定和增加大麦产量的一个关键因素。鉴定出与耐旱性相关的功能基因,一方面可了解大麦的耐旱机理,同时还可以促进利用生物技术来改良大麦的耐旱性。在研究中,2个在耐旱性上具有明显差异的大麦品种Tadmor(耐旱)和WI2291(干旱敏感)被选作材料,采用22000个ESTs(基因表达序列标签)的Affymetrix大麦基因芯片Barley1来分析生殖生长期干旱胁迫下2个大麦材料的差异表达基因。研究结果表明,干旱胁迫下2个大麦材料中有77个共调节基因,其中部分基因已被报道过可能与抗旱性相关。这些基因中已有功能注释的基因按其生物学功能被分为14组,猜测它们是干旱胁迫的响应基因,在抗旱性上可能不起重要作用,或者是必需的但单独不足以提高大麦的抗旱性。进一步比较2个材料差异表达的基因,发现二材料之间有372个受干旱调节基因的差异。这些基因中有功能注释基因的生物学功能中可分为15组,其中一些已被认为与抗旱性相关;而对那些未知功能的基因,推测可能亦在大麦的抗旱性上扮演一定的角色。研究所得结果可为阐述生殖生长期大麦的耐旱性机理提供新的认识。 相似文献
203.
Modulation of protein biophysical properties by chemical glycosylation: biochemical insights and biomedical implications 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Solá RJ Rodríguez-Martínez JA Griebenow K 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(16):2133-2152
Glycosylation constitutes one of the most important posttranslational modifications employed by biological systems to modulate
protein biophysical properties. Due to the direct biochemical and biomedical implications of achieving control over protein
stability and function by chemical means, there has been great interest in recent years towards the development of chemical
strategies for protein glycosylation. Since current knowledge about glycoprotein biophysics has been mainly derived from the
study of naturally glycosylated proteins, chemical glycosylation provides novel insights into its mechanistic understanding
by affording control over glycosylation parameters. This review presents a survey of the effects that natural and chemical
glycosylation have on the fundamental biophysical properties of proteins (structure, dynamics, stability, and function). This
is complemented by a mechanistic discussion of how glycans achieve such effects and discussion of the implications of employing
chemical glycosylation as a tool to exert control over protein biophysical properties within biochemical and biomedical applications.
Received 15 December 2006; received after revision 28 March 2007; accepted 25 April 2007 相似文献
204.
Hunt MC Greene S Hultenby K Svensson LT Engberg S Alexson SE 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(12):1558-1570
Acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOTs) catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs to free fatty acids and coenzyme A. Recent studies have
demonstrated that one gene named Acot7, reported to be mainly expressed in brain and testis, is transcribed in several different isoforms by alternative usage of
first exons. Strongly decreased levels of ACOT7 activity and protein in both mitochondria and cytosol was reported in patients
diagnosed with fatty acid oxidation defects, linking ACOT7 function to regulation of fatty acid oxidation in other tissues.
In this study, we have identified five possible first exons in mouse Acot7 (Acot7a–e) and show that all five first exons are transcribed in a tissue-specific manner. Taken together, these data show that the
Acot7 gene is expressed as multiple isoforms in a tissue-specific manner, and that expression in tissues other than brain and testis
is likely to play important roles in fatty acid metabolism.
Received 5 February 2007: received after revision 3 April 2007; accepted 19 April 2007 相似文献
205.
206.
Dina C Meyre D Gallina S Durand E Körner A Jacobson P Carlsson LM Kiess W Vatin V Lecoeur C Delplanque J Vaillant E Pattou F Ruiz J Weill J Levy-Marchal C Horber F Potoczna N Hercberg S Le Stunff C Bougnères P Kovacs P Marre M Balkau B Cauchi S Chèvre JC Froguel P 《Nature genetics》2007,39(6):724-726
We identified a set of SNPs in the first intron of the FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) gene on chromosome 16q12.2 that is consistently strongly associated with early-onset and severe obesity in both adults and children of European ancestry with an experiment-wise P value of 1.67 x 10(-26) in 2,900 affected individuals and 5,100 controls. The at-risk haplotype yields a proportion of attributable risk of 22% for common obesity. We conclude that FTO contributes to human obesity and hence may be a target for subsequent functional analyses. 相似文献
207.
Tissue-specific and reversible RNA interference in transgenic mice 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Dickins RA McJunkin K Hernando E Premsrirut PK Krizhanovsky V Burgess DJ Kim SY Cordon-Cardo C Zender L Hannon GJ Lowe SW 《Nature genetics》2007,39(7):914-921
Genetically engineered mice provide powerful tools for understanding mammalian gene function. These models traditionally rely on gene overexpression from transgenes or targeted, irreversible gene mutation. By adapting the tetracycline (tet)-responsive system previously used for gene overexpression, we have developed a simple transgenic system to reversibly control endogenous gene expression using RNA interference (RNAi) in mice. Transgenic mice harboring a tet-responsive RNA polymerase II promoter driving a microRNA-based short hairpin RNA targeting the tumor suppressor Trp53 reversibly express short hairpin RNA when crossed with existing mouse strains expressing general or tissue-specific 'tet-on' or 'tet-off' transactivators. Reversible Trp53 knockdown can be achieved in several tissues, and restoring Trp53 expression in lymphomas whose development is promoted by Trp53 knockdown leads to tumor regression. By leaving the target gene unaltered, this approach permits tissue-specific, reversible regulation of endogenous gene expression in vivo, with potential broad application in basic biology and drug target validation. 相似文献
208.
209.
A genome-wide association study for celiac disease identifies risk variants in the region harboring IL2 and IL21 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
van Heel DA Franke L Hunt KA Gwilliam R Zhernakova A Inouye M Wapenaar MC Barnardo MC Bethel G Holmes GK Feighery C Jewell D Kelleher D Kumar P Travis S Walters JR Sanders DS Howdle P Swift J Playford RJ McLaren WM Mearin ML Mulder CJ McManus R McGinnis R Cardon LR Deloukas P Wijmenga C 《Nature genetics》2007,39(7):827-829
We tested 310,605 SNPs for association in 778 individuals with celiac disease and 1,422 controls. Outside the HLA region, the most significant finding (rs13119723; P = 2.0 x 10(-7)) was in the KIAA1109-TENR-IL2-IL21 linkage disequilibrium block. We independently confirmed association in two further collections (strongest association at rs6822844, 24 kb 5' of IL21; meta-analysis P = 1.3 x 10(-14), odds ratio = 0.63), suggesting that genetic variation in this region predisposes to celiac disease. 相似文献
210.
Crnković-Mertens I Wagener N Semzow J Gröne EF Haferkamp A Hohenfellner M Butz K Hoppe-Seyler F 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(9):1137-1144
Cancer cells are typically characterized by apoptosis deficiency. In order to investigate a possible role for the anti-apoptotic
livin gene in renal cell cancer (RCC), we analyzed its expression in tumor tissue samples and in RCC-derived cell lines. In addition,
we studied the contribution of livin to the apoptotic resistance of RCC cells by RNA interference (RNAi). Livin gene expression was detected in a significant portion of RCC tumor tissue specimens (13/14, 92.9%) and tumor-derived cell
lines (12/15, 80.0%). Moreover, targeted inhibition of livin by RNAi markedly sensitized RCC cells towards proapoptotic stimuli, such as UV irradiation or the chemotherapeutic drugs
etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, and vinblastine. These effects were specific for livin expressing tumor cells. We conclude that livin can contribute significantly to the apoptosis resistance of RCC cells. Targeted inhibition of livin could represent a novel therapeutic strategy to increase the sensitivity of renal cancers towards pro-apoptotic agents.
Received 30 November 2006; received after revision 22 February 2007; accepted 20 March 2007 相似文献