A common mass scale for satellite galaxies of the Milky Way

The Milky Way has at least twenty-three known satellite galaxies that shine with luminosities ranging from about a thousand to a billion times that of the Sun. Half of these galaxies were discovered in the past few years in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and they are among the least luminous galaxies in the known Universe. A determination of the mass of these galaxies provides a test of galaxy formation at the smallest scales and probes the nature of the dark matter that dominates the mass density of the Universe. Here we use new measurements of the velocities of the stars in these galaxies to show that they are consistent with them having a common mass of about 10(7) within their central 300 parsecs. This result demonstrates that the faintest of the Milky Way satellites are the most dark-matter-dominated galaxies known, and could be a hint of a new scale in galaxy formation or a characteristic scale for the clustering of dark matter.     

Retrospective evaluation of the effects of human disturbance and goldfish introduction on endangered Pahrump poolfish

Life history data for Pahrump poolfish ( Empetrichthys latos latos ) collected from 1937 to 1975 were organized and analyzed to improve our understanding of changes caused by human habitat disruption and introduced goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) at Manse Spring, Nevada. Pahrump poolfish twice demonstrated their ability to recover numerically from a population crash. The first crash followed a November 1961 introduction of a few goldfish and subsequent removal of vegetation by local ranch children intent on turning Manse Spring into a swimming hole. The second crash followed another major habitat disturbance resulting from an unsuccessful attempt to eradicate goldfish in July 1967. Each crash (1962–1963 and 1967–1968) reduced the poolfish population to fewer than 50 adults and was followed by a population recovery to more than 1000. Following the first habitat disruption, changes in poolfish population structure and poolfish diet were observed. These changes caused an increased mortality rate, resulting in disappearance or decline in relative abundance of larger poolfish size classes with a commensurate reduction in production of mature eggs by the population. We detected no additional changes in life history characteristics that could be associated with the second population crash and recovery. We concluded that removal of vegetation in the summer of 1962 and the more extreme habitat disruption and fish handling in June–July 1967 were human-induced pulse disturbances resulting in poolfish population crashes. We also concluded that the changes in poolfish life history characteristics resulted principally from press disturbances attributable to goldfish. Los datos sobre la historia de vida del pez de poza Pahrump ( Empetrichthys latos latos ), recopilados entre 1937 y 1975, fueron organizados y analizados para ayudar a entender los cambios cusados por la perturbación antropogénica del hábitat y por la introducción del carpín dorado ( Carassius auratus ) a Manse Spring, Nevada. En dos ocasiones, los peces de poza Pahrump demostraron la habilidad de reponerse numéricamente después de descensos abruptos de la población. El primero fue en noviembre de 1961, después de la introducción de algunos carpines dorados y subsecuente remoción de vegetación por niños de ranchos locales con la intención de convertir Manse Spring en una poza para nadar. El segundo descenso ocurrió luego de otra perturbación de hábitat resultado de un intento fallido por erradicar el carpín dorado en julio de 1967. Cada descenso (1962–1963 y 1967–1968) redujo la población de peces de poza a menos de 50 adultos; y fue seguido por una recuperación de la población a más de 1000. Después de la primera perturbación del hábitat y descenso en la población de peces de poza, se observaron cambios en la dieta y la estructura de la población. Aparentemente, estos cambios ocasionaron un ascenso en la tasa de mortalidad, causando la desaparición o disminución de la abundancia relativa de peces de poza de clases de mayor tamaño, con una reducción proporcional en la producción de huevos maduros. No detectamos cambios adicionales en las características de historia de vida que pudieran estar asociados con el segundo descenso y recuperación de la población. Concluimos que la remoción de vegetación en el verano de 1962, y la aún mayor perturbación del hábitat y manejo de peces en junio/julio de 1967, fueron perturbaciones inducidas por el humano a modo de “pulso” que provocaron descensos de la población de peces de poza, y que los cambios en las características de historia de vida de los peces de poza resultaron principalmente de la presión por la alteración atribuida a los carpines dorados.     

Potential contribution of respiration by Anabrus simplex (Mormon crickets) to net CO 2 exchange in three Great Basin ecosystems

Disturbance events can significantly influence net CO 2 exchange (NCE) in ecosystems. High densities of Anabrus simplex (Mormon crickets) periodically afflict large areas of the western USA; their sheer numbers could make them a significant source of CO 2 . We modeled cricket respiration at the ecosystem level using air and body temperatures and insect gas exchange measurements. Cricket CO 2 efflux values were compared to ecosystem CO 2 flux from eddy covariance measurements in 3 Great Basin ecosystems: a juniper woodland, a sagebrush shrubland, and a crested wheatgrass pasture. Mean respiration from Mormon crickets was 0.96 g CO 2 ? m –2 d –1 . Since Mormon crickets are present when NCE is otherwise near 0, they can potentially alter NCE between 20% (juniper woodland) and 60% (crested wheatgrass pasture). Transient pests such as Mormon crickets can be an important component of NCE.     

Genome-wide genetic analysis of polyploidy in yeast

Polyploidy, increased sets of chromosomes, occurs during development, cellular stress, disease and evolution. Despite its prevalence, little is known about the physiological alterations that accompany polyploidy. We previously described 'ploidy-specific lethality', where a gene deletion that is not lethal in haploid or diploid budding yeast causes lethality in triploids or tetraploids. Here we report a genome-wide screen to identify ploidy-specific lethal functions. Only 39 out of 3,740 mutations screened exhibited ploidy-specific lethality. Almost all of these mutations affect genomic stability by impairing homologous recombination, sister chromatid cohesion, or mitotic spindle function. We uncovered defects in wild-type tetraploids predicted by the screen, and identified mechanisms by which tetraploidization affects genomic stability. We show that tetraploids have a high incidence of syntelic/monopolar kinetochore attachments to the spindle pole. We suggest that this defect can be explained by mismatches in the ability to scale the size of the spindle pole body, spindle and kinetochores. Thus, geometric constraints may have profound effects on genome stability; the phenomenon described here may be relevant in a variety of biological contexts, including disease states such as cancer.     

No supernovae associated with two long-duration gamma-ray bursts

It is now accepted that long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced during the collapse of a massive star. The standard 'collapsar' model predicts that a broad-lined and luminous type Ic core-collapse supernova accompanies every long-duration GRB. This association has been confirmed in observations of several nearby GRBs. Here we report that GRB 060505 (ref. 10) and GRB 060614 (ref. 11) were not accompanied by supernova emission down to limits hundreds of times fainter than the archetypal supernova SN 1998bw that accompanied GRB 980425, and fainter than any type Ic supernova ever observed. Multi-band observations of the early afterglows, as well as spectroscopy of the host galaxies, exclude the possibility of significant dust obscuration and show that the bursts originated in actively star-forming regions. The absence of a supernova to such deep limits is qualitatively different from all previous nearby long-duration GRBs and suggests a new phenomenological type of massive stellar death.     

A synaptic laminin-calcium channel interaction organizes active zones in motor nerve terminals

Synapse formation requires the differentiation of a functional nerve terminal opposite a specialized postsynaptic membrane. Here, we show that laminin beta2, a component of the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction, binds directly to calcium channels that are required for neurotransmitter release from motor nerve terminals. This interaction leads to clustering of channels, which in turn recruit other presynaptic components. Perturbation of this interaction in vivo results in disassembly of neurotransmitter release sites, resembling defects previously observed in an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. These results identify an extracellular ligand of the voltage-gated calcium channel as well as a new laminin receptor. They also suggest a model for the development of nerve terminals, and provide clues to the pathogenesis of a synaptic disease.