上海公园绿地景观水体透明度影响因子研究

于2010年,以上海市90个公园绿地共107个景观水体为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内分析,探寻水体透明度与光衰减系数的关系,并在此基础上分析影响水体透明度的主要因子.研究结果表明：（1）上海市公园绿地景观水体透明度普遍较低,平均透明度为（0.54±0.24） m,98.31%的水体透明度低于1 m;（2）透明度与光学衰减系数显著负相关,两者之间可建立数学关系式为Kd=0.017+〖SX(〗1.12〖〗ST〖SX)〗;（3）悬浮物是上海城市公园绿地水体透明度的主导影响因子,总磷和铵态氮通过控制浮游藻类的营养水平来影响水体透明度.研究结果为科学合理地评价景观水体水质尤其是水体透明度提供测度,并为水体环境的改善、水生植被的构建及水体的养护管理提供科学依据.     

The reversibility of mitotic exit in vertebrate cells

A guiding hypothesis for cell-cycle regulation asserts that regulated proteolysis constrains the directionality of certain cell-cycle transitions. Here we test this hypothesis for mitotic exit, which is regulated by degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) activator, cyclin B. Application of chemical Cdk1 inhibitors to cells in mitosis induces cytokinesis and other normal aspects of mitotic exit, including cyclin B degradation. However, chromatid segregation fails, resulting in entrapment of chromatin in the midbody. If cyclin B degradation is blocked with a proteasome inhibitor or by expression of non-degradable cyclin B, Cdk inhibitors will nonetheless induce mitotic exit and cytokinesis. However, if after mitotic exit, the Cdk1 inhibitor is washed free from cells in which cyclin B degradation is blocked, the cells can revert back to M phase. This reversal is characterized by chromosome recondensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, assembly of microtubules into a mitotic spindle, and in most cases, dissolution of the midbody, reopening of the cleavage furrow, and realignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate. These findings demonstrate that proteasome-dependent degradation of cyclin B provides directionality for the M phase to G1 transition.     

Analysis of the DNA sequence and duplication history of human chromosome 15

Here we present a finished sequence of human chromosome 15, together with a high-quality gene catalogue. As chromosome 15 is one of seven human chromosomes with a high rate of segmental duplication, we have carried out a detailed analysis of the duplication structure of the chromosome. Segmental duplications in chromosome 15 are largely clustered in two regions, on proximal and distal 15q; the proximal region is notable because recombination among the segmental duplications can result in deletions causing Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Sequence analysis shows that the proximal and distal regions of 15q share extensive ancient similarity. Using a simple approach, we have been able to reconstruct many of the events by which the current duplication structure arose. We find that most of the intrachromosomal duplications seem to share a common ancestry. Finally, we demonstrate that some remaining gaps in the genome sequence are probably due to structural polymorphisms between haplotypes; this may explain a significant fraction of the gaps remaining in the human genome.     

Three-dimensional brittle shear fracturing by tensile crack interaction

Faults in brittle rock are shear fractures formed through the interaction and coalescence of many tensile microcracks. The geometry of these microcracks and their surrounding elastic stress fields control the orientation of the final shear fracture surfaces. The classic Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion predicts the development of two conjugate (bimodal) shear planes that are inclined at an acute angle to the axis of maximum compressive stress. This criterion, however, is incapable of explaining the three-dimensional polymodal fault patterns that are widely observed in rocks. Here we show that the elastic stress around tensile microcracks in three dimensions promotes a mutual interaction that produces brittle shear planes oriented obliquely to the remote principal stresses, and can therefore account for observed polymodal fault patterns. Our microcrack interaction model is based on the three-dimensional solution of Eshelby, unlike previous models that employed two-dimensional approximations. Our model predicts that shear fractures formed by the coalescence of interacting mode I cracks will be inclined at a maximum of 26 degrees to the axes of remote maximum and intermediate compression. An improved understanding of brittle shear failure in three dimensions has important implications for earthquake seismology and rock-mass stability, as well as fluid migration in fractured rocks.     

Nck adaptor proteins link nephrin to the actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes

The glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney is formed in part by a specialized intercellular junction known as the slit diaphragm, which connects adjacent actin-based foot processes of kidney epithelial cells (podocytes). Mutations affecting a number of slit diaphragm proteins, including nephrin (encoded by NPHS1), lead to renal disease owing to disruption of the filtration barrier and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, although the molecular basis for this is unclear. Here we show that nephrin selectively binds the Src homology 2 (SH2)/SH3 domain-containing Nck adaptor proteins, which in turn control the podocyte cytoskeleton in vivo. The cytoplasmic tail of nephrin has multiple YDxV sites that form preferred binding motifs for the Nck SH2 domain once phosphorylated by Src-family kinases. We show that this Nck-nephrin interaction is required for nephrin-dependent actin reorganization. Selective deletion of Nck from podocytes of transgenic mice results in defects in the formation of foot processes and in congenital nephrotic syndrome. Together, these findings identify a physiological signalling pathway in which nephrin is linked through phosphotyrosine-based interactions to Nck adaptors, and thus to the underlying actin cytoskeleton in podocytes. Simple and widely expressed SH2/SH3 adaptor proteins can therefore direct the formation of a specialized cellular morphology in vivo.     

一种新的Ka频段雨衰预测模型

雨衰的预测与计算是Ka频段卫星通信中的关键问题之一。分析了Ka频段DAH雨衰预测模型,归纳了DAH模型的计算步骤。基于维纳预测思想,提出了一种结构相对简单、计算量较小、易于迭代的新雨衰预测模型,给出了具体算法与步骤。仿真结果表明,新模型在水平、垂直和圆极化方式下具有与DAH模型几乎一致的变化特性,在不同地区也具有一致的预测效果,当阶数为2和3时,新雨衰预测模型与DAH模型最大偏差分别不大于0.065 dB和 0.005 dB。证明提出的新模型有效、算法简单,易于工程化。     

异方差半参数变系数部分线性EV模型的经验似然

利用经验似然方法考虑异方差半参数变系数部分线性EV模型中兴趣参数置信域的构造.分别在误差方差已知和未知情形下,构造模型参数部分的经验对数似然比统计量,并验证非参数情形下的Wilks定理成立.模拟研究表明经验似然估计方法具有优良的性质.     

基于F-范数的变换域通信系统同步参数估计算法

在异步条件下应用特征值分解算法估计变换域通信系统基函数时,分段得到的特征向量存在模糊现象,此时将造成系统接收性能的下降。为了解决此问题,提出了基函数周期序列的同步算法。详细分析估计基函数的特征值分解算法,推导接收数据的采样延时与其自协方差矩阵特征值的关系式,得到同步参数的最大似然估计方法,依据范数的等价性原理,进一步将最大似然估计中的最大特征值求解问题转化为F-范数的求解以降低算法复杂度。仿真结果表明:相比最大特征值算法,采用F-范数的估计算法性能一致,但计算时间明显减少,算法的估计精度与接收信噪比成正比。异步条件下当估计的基函数存在模糊时,系统接收性能在同步之后能得到较好的改善。