Differenc es between amorphous indium oxide thin films

A series of 60~nm thick indium oxide thin-films,all amorphous as determined by x-ray diffraction,were found to have physical and electrical properties that depended on the temperature of deposition.The carrier mobility and flm conductivity decreased with decreasing deposition temperature;the best electrical properties of high mobility and conductivity were observed at a deposition temperature just below the temperature at which crystalline films formed.The density of the flm also decreased with deposition temperature from 7.2g/cm3 at+50℃ to 5.3g/cm3 at 100℃.     

人类DNA进化研究步入困境--遗传研究与人类进化的秘密产生碰撞

仅仅是在几年前,遗传学研究人员开始设想能够有一个裁决有关人类史前起源方面论争的科学最高法院,就人类DNA所出现的学术喧嚣,须要由这一法院的这些科学家们作出最终裁定,对现其为能够最好地解释现代人类进化的那一个分子,应坚定不移地去相定音。在本世纪用年代后期,全球DNA差异的最初研究,促使在其领域发生了一场激烈的论争。随后,调查人员推断,现代人类可能产生于动万年前的非洲,然后遍布到世界的其它地方,以此用来取代尼安德特人（meandertals）和在我们以往进化论中所认定的任何其他人种。在对来自世界不同地区的人们中,…     

Complexity and Context-Dependency

It is argued that given the “anti-anthropomorphic” principle—that the universe is not structured for our benefit—modelling trade-offs will necessarily mean that many of our models will be context-specific. It is argued that context-specificity is not the same as relativism. The “context heuristic”—that of dividing processing into rich, fuzzy context-recognition and crisp, conscious reasoning and learning—is outlined. The consequences of accepting the impact of this human heuristic in the light of the necessity of accepting context-specificity in our modelling of complex systems is examined. In particular the development of “islands” or related model clusters rather than over-arching laws and theories. It is suggested that by accepting and dealing with context (rather than ignoring it) we can push the boundaries of science a little further.     

Did Unexpectedly Strong Economic Growth Cause the Oil Price Shock of 2003–2008?

Recently developed structural models of the global crude oil market imply that the surge in the real price of oil between mid 2003 and mid 2008 was driven by repeated positive shocks to the demand for all industrial commodities, reflecting unexpectedly high growth mainly in emerging Asia. We evaluate this proposition using an alternative data source and a different econometric methodology. Rather than inferring demand shocks from an econometric model, we utilize a direct measure of global demand shocks based on revisions of professional real gross domestic product (GDP) growth forecasts. We show that forecast surprises during 2003–2008 were associated primarily with unexpected growth in emerging economies (in conjunction with much smaller positive GDP‐weighted forecast surprises in the major industrialized economies), that markets were repeatedly surprised by the strength of this growth, that these surprises were associated with a hump‐shaped response of the real price of oil that reaches its peak after 12–16 months, and that news about global growth predict much of the surge in the real price of oil from mid 2003 until mid 2008 and much of its subsequent decline. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Movements and home ranges of San Joaquin kit foxes ( Vulpes macrotis mutica ) relative to oil-field development

We examined the effect of oil-field development on movements and patterns of spatial use of San Joaquin kit foxes ( Vulpes macrotis mutica ) on the Naval Petroleum Reserves in California (NPRC) in the San Joaquin Valley. To do this, we compared movements and home ranges of kit foxes from June 1984 to September 1985 in areas developed for petroleum production (30% of native habitat lost to production facilities) and areas with little development (3%). Distances traveled nightly by kit foxes did not differ between levels of petroleum development or between sexes ( P > 0.2). Mean length of nightly movements during breeding (14.6 km) was longer than during pup-rearing (10.7 km) and pup-dispersal (9.4 km) periods ( P = 0.01). Mean size of home ranges was 4.6 ± 0.4 ( s￣x ) km 2 ( n = 21) and did not differ between levels of petroleum development and sexes ( P > 0.2). Overlap of home ranges of foxes from the same social group (78 ± 4.3%) was greater than that of same-sex foxes (35 ± 7.8%) and males and females of different social groups (32 ± 8.0%, P P > 0.4). Despite extensive overlap of home ranges, kit foxes on NPRC maintained relatively exclusive core areas, particularly adjacent foxes of the same sex. Future studies should examine which levels of habitat conversion impact spatial use of kit foxes.     

Stand-level herbivory in an old-growth conifer forest canopy

Herbivory is an important ecological process in forest canopies but is difficult to measure, especially for whole stands. We used the Wind River Canopy Crane in Washington State to access 101 randomly-located sample points throughout the forest canopy. This provided a relatively quick and convenient way to estimate herbivory for a whole stand. The overall level of herbivory was estimated at 1.6% of leaf area. The distribution was strongly skewed to the lower canopy where broad-leafed species experienced higher levels of herbivory. Herbivory averaged 0.3% in conifers and 13.5% in broad-leafed species. Fully half of the sample points had no detectable herbivory. Herbivory in this old-growth conifer forest is among the lowest levels published for forests around the globe and may reflect the general levels of herbivory in temperate coniferous forests during nonoutbreak conditions. Our whole-stand estimate is the first attempt at measuring herbivory for an entire forest stand in the Pacific Northwest.     

Annotated inventory of invertebrate populations of an alpine lake and stream chain in Colorado

Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected during the ice-free season (1 July-20 October) over a five-year period from a chain of alpine lakes and intervening streams in the Green Lakes Valley (3,347-3,615 m) in Boulder County, Colorado. A list of taxa was developed for 1981 and 1982, with taxonomic additions for 1983- 1985 and comments on community structure, seasonal and elevational changes in species abundance, and noteworthy occurrences. A total of 111 taxa was collected, of which 84% occurred in streams, 58% being exclusively lotic. Dipterans composed 73-81% of total abundance in streams. The littoral benthic zone of lakes was predominantly trichopterans and dipterans, 44-60% and 24-39%, respectively. Numerically important organisms in various lakes and streams were chironomids, simuliids (particularly Metacnephia ), oligochaetes, and the bivalve Pisidium casertanum . An isolated lake and its outlet stream, with unique characteristics, were the sole locations of Gammarus lacustris (Amphipoda) and Glossiphonia complanata (Hirudinea). Manipulated lowering of a lake along the main drainage exposed abundant and luxuriant colonies of the bryozoan Fredericella sultana . This organism was found on 43% of all rocks sampled, a preponderance heretofore unknown for this, or any, ectoproct in alpine or arctic lakes.