全文获取类型
收费全文 | 33745篇 |
免费 | 1678篇 |
国内免费 | 1564篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 2329篇 |
丛书文集 | 1025篇 |
教育与普及 | 622篇 |
理论与方法论 | 457篇 |
现状及发展 | 999篇 |
研究方法 | 63篇 |
综合类 | 31487篇 |
自然研究 | 5篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 118篇 |
2023年 | 273篇 |
2022年 | 509篇 |
2021年 | 594篇 |
2020年 | 463篇 |
2019年 | 253篇 |
2018年 | 1013篇 |
2017年 | 1070篇 |
2016年 | 812篇 |
2015年 | 902篇 |
2014年 | 1240篇 |
2013年 | 1284篇 |
2012年 | 1631篇 |
2011年 | 2459篇 |
2010年 | 2214篇 |
2009年 | 2037篇 |
2008年 | 2276篇 |
2007年 | 2502篇 |
2006年 | 1441篇 |
2005年 | 1276篇 |
2004年 | 1070篇 |
2003年 | 946篇 |
2002年 | 957篇 |
2001年 | 953篇 |
2000年 | 816篇 |
1999年 | 1129篇 |
1998年 | 811篇 |
1997年 | 922篇 |
1996年 | 799篇 |
1995年 | 741篇 |
1994年 | 630篇 |
1993年 | 542篇 |
1992年 | 483篇 |
1991年 | 442篇 |
1990年 | 383篇 |
1989年 | 347篇 |
1988年 | 290篇 |
1987年 | 214篇 |
1986年 | 97篇 |
1985年 | 35篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
1955年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
821.
The engagement model for problem solving was developed as a response to soft systems methodology being difficult to implement in certain circumstances. In the years since the original paper was published, the model has developed into an iterative problem solving approach for the assessment, creation and implementation of new ideas in difficult problem situations. This case study paper exemplifies the kind of work undertaken through the use of the model and provides a practical scenario for how one might apply it. The case study takes place in a higher education environment and relates to the development of a capstone course for management majors. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research. 相似文献
822.
研究采用Sn作为中间层键合覆盖Al薄膜的硅片。相对于Al-Al直接热压键合,该系统能提供低温、低压、快速的圆片级键合方案。采用直径为100 mm硅片,溅射一层500 nm厚度的Al层后,在N2气氛下进行450°C,30分钟退火,采用Ar等离子体清洗后,溅射一层500 nm厚度的Sn层。将硅片金属面紧贴在一起放入键合机中键合,在真空中进行。键合时间为3分钟条件下,得到平均剪切强度为9.9 MPa,随着键合时间增加,剪切强度显著降低。 相似文献
823.
This study develops a conceptual system optimization model of adoption of a new infrastructure technology with multiple resource sites and multiple demand sites. With the model, this paper analyzes how the distance, spillover effect, demand, initial investment cost, and learning rate influence the adoption of the new infrastructure technology and presents optimization results of the model in different scenarios. The main findings of the study are: from the perspective of system optimization, (1) different distances among different resource-demand pairs will result in different adoption time of a new infrastructure; (2) technological spillover among different resource-demand pairs will accelerate the adoption of a new infrastructure; (3) it is hard to say that higher demand will pull faster adoption of a new infrastructure, and the optimal time of adopting of a new infrastructure is very sensitive to its technological learning rate. 相似文献
824.
825.
Technical communication (TC) is an important activity in order to provide the users of technical artifacts with necessary information concerning the operation and maintenance of the products they are using. In the current working procedures of TC, however, the users become too passive. They are just receivers of information. Further, there is no effective feedback from the users to the producers of the information. In order to overcome those problems we here propose an application of social media (SM) in future TC. By using SM as a complementary channel for TC it becomes possible for technology firms to boost their competitive advantage and to improve the quality and completeness of their TC. This technique, however, is still more of a potential and less of a reality. Several problems, mostly concerning security and confidentiality remain to be solved. The empirical base for this work comes from TIC, an EU-funded development project involving several Swedish technology companies. Published research results are somewhat scattered but several sources coherently indicate both the need and potential for SM as a vehicle in TC. By scanning the net it is further possible to identify a number of seemingly successful applications of SM in such applications. 相似文献
826.
Optical imaging is a promising method to identify and locate 2D materials efficiently and non-invasively. By putting a 2D material on a substrate, the nanolayer will add to an optical path and create a contrast to the case when the nanolayer is absent. This optical contrast imaging can be used to identify the 2D material and its number of layers. To make the optical imaging process in the laboratories an effective tool, Fresnel Law as a model was used to simulate the optical imaging results of 2D materials(graphene, Mo S2 and MoSe_2) on top of different thickness of SiO_2 and Si wafer in the present investigation. The results provide the details of the optimal conditions(optimal light wavelength and optimal SiO_2 thickness) to identify and locate single to few 2D nanolayers, which can be used directly in laboratories. The optical contrasts of 1–5 layers of molybdenum disulfide(MoS_2) and molybdenum diselenide(MoSe_2) were simulated. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the optical contrast results of MoSe_2 have been reported. In particular, this work highlights the sensitivity of the model on the accuracy of the refractive indices used. It is demonstrated that through computational modeling that optical contrast can allow effective determination of number of layers in few layer 2D materials. 相似文献
827.
With increasing demand diversification and short product lifecycles, industries now encounter challenges of demand uncertainty. The Japanese seru production system has received increased attention owing to its high efficiency and flexibility. In this paper, the problem of seru production system formation under uncertain demand is researched. A multi-objective optimization model for a seru production system formation problem is developed to minimize the cost and maximize the service level of the system. The purpose of this paper is to formulate a robust production system that can respond efficiently to the stochastic demand. Sample average approximation (SAA) is used to approximate the expected objective of the stochastic programming. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is improved to solve the multi-objective optimization model. Numerical experiments are conducted to test the tradeoff between cost and service level, and how the performance of the seru production system varies with the number of product types, mean and deviation of product volume, and skill-level-based cost. 相似文献
828.
With the rapid growth of online shopping platforms, more and more customers intend to share their shopping experience and product reviews on the Internet. Both large quantity and various forms of online reviews bring difficulties for potential consumers to summary all the heterogenous reviews for reference. This paper proposes a new ranking method through online reviews based on different aspects of the alternative products, which combines both objective and subjective sentiment values. Firstly, weights of these aspects are determined with LDA topic model to calculate the objective sentiment value of the product. During this process, the realistic meaning of each aspect is also summarized. Then, consumers’ personalized preferences are taken into consideration while calculating total scores of alternative products. Meanwhile, comparative superiority between every two products also contributes to their final scores. Therefore, a directed graph model is constructed and the final score of each product is computed by improved PageRank algorithm. Finally, a case study is given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. The result demonstrates that while considering only objective sentiment values of the product, the ranking result obtained by our proposed method has a strong correlation with the actual sales orders. On the other hand, if consumers express subjective preferences towards a certain aspect, the final ranking is also consistent with the actual performance of alternative products. It provides a new research idea for online customer review mining and personalized recommendation. 相似文献
829.
This paper presents the development of a new nonlinear representation by exploiting the multimodel approach and the new linear representation ARX-Laguerre for each operating region. The resulting multimodel, entitled ARX-Laguerre multimodel, is characterized by the parameter number reduction with a recursive representation. However, a significant reduction of this multimodel is subject to an optimal choice of Laguerre poles characterizing each local linear model ARX-Laguerre. Therefore, the authors propose an optimization algorithm to estimate, from input/output measurements, the optimal values of Laguerre poles. The ARX-Laguerre multimodel as well as the proposed optimization algorithm are tested on a continuous stirred tank reactor system (CSTR). Moreover, the authors take into account a practical validation on an experimental communicating two tank system (CTTS). 相似文献
830.
In this paper, PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controllers will be designed to solve the tracking problem for a class of coupled multi-agent systems, where each agent is described by a second-order high-dimensional nonlinear uncertain dynamical system, which only has access to its own tracking error information and does not need to communicate with others. This paper will show that a 3-dimensional manifold can be constructed based on the information about the Lipschitz constants of the system nonlinear dynamics, such that whenever the three parameters of each PID controller are chosen from the manifold, the whole multi-agent system can be stabilized globally and the tracking error of each agent approaches to zero asymptotically. For a class of coupled first-order multi-agent nonlinear uncertain systems, a PI controller will be designed to stabilize the whole system. 相似文献