全文获取类型
收费全文 | 21884篇 |
免费 | 1092篇 |
国内免费 | 1013篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 1888篇 |
丛书文集 | 479篇 |
教育与普及 | 342篇 |
理论与方法论 | 336篇 |
现状及发展 | 932篇 |
研究方法 | 31篇 |
综合类 | 19980篇 |
自然研究 | 1篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 93篇 |
2023年 | 202篇 |
2022年 | 340篇 |
2021年 | 376篇 |
2020年 | 315篇 |
2019年 | 192篇 |
2018年 | 937篇 |
2017年 | 955篇 |
2016年 | 720篇 |
2015年 | 605篇 |
2014年 | 834篇 |
2013年 | 820篇 |
2012年 | 1146篇 |
2011年 | 1923篇 |
2010年 | 1752篇 |
2009年 | 1480篇 |
2008年 | 1645篇 |
2007年 | 1937篇 |
2006年 | 911篇 |
2005年 | 879篇 |
2004年 | 727篇 |
2003年 | 581篇 |
2002年 | 562篇 |
2001年 | 481篇 |
2000年 | 406篇 |
1999年 | 440篇 |
1998年 | 369篇 |
1997年 | 367篇 |
1996年 | 361篇 |
1995年 | 287篇 |
1994年 | 268篇 |
1993年 | 187篇 |
1992年 | 209篇 |
1991年 | 165篇 |
1990年 | 122篇 |
1989年 | 129篇 |
1988年 | 133篇 |
1987年 | 61篇 |
1986年 | 40篇 |
1985年 | 20篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
1955年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
A rapid and accurate 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay for quantification of bacteriocins with nisin as an example 下载免费PDF全文
The objective of this study is to propose a more accurate and faster MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] colorimetric assay (MCA) for quantitative measurement of polypeptide bacteriocins in solutions with nisin as an example. After an initial incubation of nisin and indicator bacterium Micrococcus luteus NCIB 8166 in tubes, MTT was added for another incubation period. After that, nisin was quantified by estimating the number of viable bacteria based on measuring the amount of purple formazan produced by cleavage of yellow tetrazolium salt MTT. Then MCA was compared to a standard agar diffusion assay (ADA). The results suggested a high correlation coefficient (r 2=0.975±0.004) between optical density (OD) and the inhibitory effect of nisin on a bacterial strain Micrococcus luteus NCIB 8166 at a range of 0.125~32 IU/ml. The MCA described in this study was very quick. Quantification of nisin took only 7~8 h and the detection limit was at the level of 0.125 IU/ml when compared to 12 IU/ml and 24~28 h for ADA. The MCA provides an accurate and rapid method for quantification of nisin in solutions and is expected to be used for quantification of other antimicrobial substances. 相似文献
42.
本文运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等研究方法,以广东省十所普通高校篮球教练员为研究对象,分析现状和存在的问题,提出了改善建议. 相似文献
43.
从移动通信系统演进的角度介绍了安全机制的发展历程,分析研究了2G的安全性措施,阐述了3G认证签权方案及其优缺点,并对移动通信安全机制提出了一些见解。 相似文献
44.
Li XIE Lihua XIE 《系统科学与复杂性》2007,20(2):262-272
We consider the stability of a random Riccati equation with a Markovian binary jump coefficient. More specifically, we are concerned with the boundedness of the solution of a random Riccati difference equation arising from Kalman filtering with measurement losses. A sufficient condition for the peak covariance stability is obtained which has a simpler form and is shown to be less conservative in some cases than a very recent result in existing literature. Furthermore, we show that a known sufficient condition is also necessary when the observability index equals one. 相似文献
45.
Lanju XU 《系统科学与复杂性》2007,20(1):30-40
In the present paper, we focus on constructive spherical codes. By employing algebraic geometry codes, we give an explicit construction of spherical code sequences. By making use of the idea involved in the proof of the Gilbert-Varshamov bound in coding theory, we construct a spherical code sequence in exponential time which meets the best-known asymptotic bound by Shamsiev and Wyner. 相似文献
46.
47.
Rein Vihalemm 《Foundations of Science》2007,12(3):223-234
The philosophical analysis of chemistry has advanced at such a pace during the last dozen years that the existence of philosophy of chemistry as an autonomous discipline cannot be doubted any more. The present paper will attempt to analyse the experience of philosophy of chemistry at the, so to say, meta-level. Philosophers of chemistry have especially stressed that all sciences need not be similar to physics. They have tried to argue for chemistry as its own type of science and for a pluralistic understanding of science in general. However, when stressing the specific character of chemistry, philosophers do not always analyse the question ‘What is science?’ theoretically. It is obvious that a ‘monistic’ understanding of science should not be based simply on physics as the epitome of science, regarding it as a historical accident that physics has obtained this status. The author’s point is that the philosophical and methodological image of science should not be chosen arbitrarily; instead, it should be theoretically elaborated as an idealization (theoretical model) substantiated on the historical practice of science. It is argued that although physics has, in a sense, justifiably obtained the status of a paradigm of science, chemistry, which is not simply a physical science, but a discipline with a dual character, is also relevant for elaborating a theoretical model of science. The theoretical model of science is a good tool for examining various issues in philosophy of chemistry as well as in philosophy of science or science studies generally. 相似文献
48.
Global Optimization in Any Minkowski Metric: A Permutation-Translation Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Multidimensional Scaling 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
It is well known that considering a non-Euclidean Minkowski metric in Multidimensional Scaling, either for the distance model
or for the loss function, increases the computational problem of local minima considerably. In this paper, we propose an algorithm
in which both the loss function and the composition rule can be considered in any Minkowski metric, using a multivariate randomly
alternating Simulated Annealing procedure with permutation and translation phases. The algorithm has been implemented in Fortran
and tested over classical and simulated data matrices with sizes up to 200 objects. A study has been carried out with some
of the common loss functions to determine the most suitable values for the main parameters. The experimental results confirm
the theoretical expectation that Simulated Annealing is a suitable strategy to deal by itself with the optimization problems
in Multidimensional Scaling, in particular for City-Block, Euclidean and Infinity metrics. 相似文献
49.
文章以太中银线吕梁段方案为例,分析了影响线路方案的主要因素,强调了线路选线过程中的主要技术标准以及与地方规划协调的重要性。 相似文献
50.
S. K. MISHRA Shouyang WANG K. K. LAI 《系统科学与复杂性》2007,20(3):344-349
In this paper, we introduce a new class of generalized convex function, namely, a-pseudounivex function, by combining the concepts of pseudo-univex and α-invex functions. Further, we establish some relationships between vector variational-like inequality problems and vector optimization problems under the assumptions of α-pseudo-univex functions. Results obtained in this paper present a refinement and improvement of previously known results. 相似文献