The Absolute and Its Measurement: William Thomson on Temperature

In this paper we give a full account of the work of William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) on absolute temperature, which to this day provides the theoretical underpinnings for the most rigorous measurements of temperature. When Thomson fashioned his concepts of ‘absolute’ temperature, his main concern was to make the definition of temperature independent of the properties of particular thermometric substances (rather than to count temperature from an absolute zero). He tried out a succession of definitions based on the thermodynamics of ideal heat engines; most notably, in 1854 he gave the ratio of two temperatures as the ratio of quantities of heat taken in and given out at those temperatures in a Carnot cycle. But there were difficulties with using such definitions for experimental work, since it was not possible even to approximate an ideal Carnot engine in reality. More generally, it is not trivial to connect an abstract concept with concrete operations in order to make physical measurements possible. In the end, Thomson argued that an ideal gas thermometer would indicate his absolute temperature, and that the deviation of actual gas thermometers from the ideal could be estimated by means of the Joule‐Thomson effect. However, the measurement of the Joule‐Thomson effect itself required measurements of temperature, so there was a problem of circularity.     

预淬火对G Cr15钢M/ B复合组织及性能的影响

研究了预淬火马氏体对 Ｇ Ｃｒ１５ 钢马氏体／ 下贝氏体（ Ｍ／ Ｂ） 复合组织及性能的影响。试验结果表明，通过 Ｍｓ 以下适当温度的预淬火，获得的 Ｍ／ Ｂ 复合组织具有更优的机械性能。     

关于素模域上方程r^3＋s^3=c的解数

设素数ｐ≥３，用Ｎ（ｐ，ｃ）表示满足同余方程ｒ￣３＋ｓ￣３≡ｃ（ｍｏｄｑ）的解数，其中ｒ，ｓ是模ｐ的二次剩余，且０＜ｒ，ｓ＜ｐ。给出了Ｎ（ｐ，ｃ）的渐近公式。     

F_R~A──模范畴中Hom函子的若干性质

讨论了FAR—模范畴中Hom函子的若干性质，给出了FAR—模范畴中的Hom函子与普通模范畴中的Hom函子的某些差异．     

Lack of cortisone inhibition of chromosomal puffing inDrosophila melanogaster

Résumé L'administration de cortisone (ou d'hydrocortisone) à des larvesDrosophila n'inhibe pas le bourgeonnement normal des chromosomes de leurs glandes salivaires. Toutefois, la quantité de cortisone que ces larves peuvent tolérer est environ 1/10 de celle qui supprime le bourgeonnement chez les larvesSciara.     

多频率设计的试验解析综合法

本文针对机械系统动态设计的需要,从动力修改原理出发,导出了一种多阶固有频率的动态修改方法。本方法只需给出试验模态分析结果就可以完成所需全部计算。     

《艺文类聚》选录的文体名称和数量辨正

在《艺文类聚》许多子目"文"的部分,分别标注了选录的各类文体,在子目中也有以文体作为标题的,其标注的文体有70种。但是,其中有编者生造的文体;有同一种文体分作两个或两个以上名称,分别收在不同部类的;有将文题误作文体的。经考辨,《艺文类聚》实际选录的文体数量为52种。     

基于对应分析的冗余模糊C均值聚类算法研究

针对模糊C均值聚类（FCM）算法聚类原型最适合于球状类型簇的特点,提出了基于类间分离度和类内紧缩度加权的冗余聚类中心的FCM算法,即先将大簇或者延伸形状的簇（非凸）采用加权FCM算法分割成多个小类（冗余类）,从而规避FCM算法对初始聚类中心敏感的弱点．由于隶属度划分矩阵的元素是每个样本隶属于各冗余类的隶属度值,因此将其作为各冗余类的类特征,通过对应分析得到冗余类的新特征,再次采用加权FCM算法进行冗余类合并,最后达到分类效果．以代表曲线分割和曲面分割分类问题的3个典型数据集为算例,结果表明该方法能够识别不规则的簇,解决了FCM算法对初始聚类中心敏感的缺陷．