Philosophy of chemistry and the image of science

The philosophical analysis of chemistry has advanced at such a pace during the last dozen years that the existence of philosophy of chemistry as an autonomous discipline cannot be doubted any more. The present paper will attempt to analyse the experience of philosophy of chemistry at the, so to say, meta-level. Philosophers of chemistry have especially stressed that all sciences need not be similar to physics. They have tried to argue for chemistry as its own type of science and for a pluralistic understanding of science in general. However, when stressing the specific character of chemistry, philosophers do not always analyse the question ‘What is science?’ theoretically. It is obvious that a ‘monistic’ understanding of science should not be based simply on physics as the epitome of science, regarding it as a historical accident that physics has obtained this status. The author’s point is that the philosophical and methodological image of science should not be chosen arbitrarily; instead, it should be theoretically elaborated as an idealization (theoretical model) substantiated on the historical practice of science. It is argued that although physics has, in a sense, justifiably obtained the status of a paradigm of science, chemistry, which is not simply a physical science, but a discipline with a dual character, is also relevant for elaborating a theoretical model of science. The theoretical model of science is a good tool for examining various issues in philosophy of chemistry as well as in philosophy of science or science studies generally.     

Global Optimization in Any Minkowski Metric: A Permutation-Translation Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Multidimensional Scaling

It is well known that considering a non-Euclidean Minkowski metric in Multidimensional Scaling, either for the distance model or for the loss function, increases the computational problem of local minima considerably. In this paper, we propose an algorithm in which both the loss function and the composition rule can be considered in any Minkowski metric, using a multivariate randomly alternating Simulated Annealing procedure with permutation and translation phases. The algorithm has been implemented in Fortran and tested over classical and simulated data matrices with sizes up to 200 objects. A study has been carried out with some of the common loss functions to determine the most suitable values for the main parameters. The experimental results confirm the theoretical expectation that Simulated Annealing is a suitable strategy to deal by itself with the optimization problems in Multidimensional Scaling, in particular for City-Block, Euclidean and Infinity metrics.     

主位结构与口译中的信息处理

本文运用韩礼德的主位结构理论对连续口译中的信息处理作了初步探讨,文中用实例说明了主位结构与话语语篇的信息分布紧密相关,并对口译中的信息重组以及逻辑结构的把握起着重要作用。此外主位结构理论还对口译教学中笔记的分析与评估有着一定的指导意义。     

A theoretical model for mid-and low-latitude ionospheric electric fields in realistic geomagnetic fields

The geomagnetic fields, which play important roles in the ionospheric dynamo, can greatly affect the global distribution of ionospheric electric fields, currents and other ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena. In the study of ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena, such as the longitudinal variations of ionospheric electric fields, the non-dipolar component of the geomagnetic fields must be taken into account. In this paper, we deduce a theoretical electric field model for ionospheric dynamo at mid- and low-latitude which adopt a modified magnetic apex coordinates system. In the new electric field model, the geomagnetic fields can be calculated from either the IGRF model or the dipole field model, and the neutral winds and conductivities are calculated based on empirical models. Then the dynamo equation for the electric potential is finally solved in terms of the line-by-line iteration method, and the ionospheric electric fields and currents are derived from the calculated potential. Our model can reproduce the main features of the ionospheric electrodynamics processes, so it will be a useful tool for the investigation of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere.     

论信托法的理论及实践

信托制度最根本的特点是“所有权和利益相分离”。信托财产的独立性使商事信托成为其他法律制度如代理或合同所不能替代的法律制度。从效率的角度出发,证明信托制度的科学性和实用性及其法理价值,并对构建独持养老金制度和集合投资信托制度的商事设计进行探讨。     

关于高校图书馆馆长问题的几点思考

本文对某些高校任命非专业出身者为图书馆馆长的做法阐述了不同的看法，简述了存在问题的弊端及解决问题的对策，并提出了制定相关图书馆法的必要性。     

长春市园林木本地被植物的应用与发展

通过对长春市园林木本地被植物应用的调查研究表明，目前长春市园林绿化常见木本地被植物共有21种：其中，木质藤本地被植物有4种，隶属2科，3属；矮灌木地被植物有10种，隶属5科7属；整形木本地被植物有7种，隶属4科6属。本文介绍了木本地被植物的园林应用及生态型，并提出发展长春市园林地被植物的建议。     

水稻花粉悬浮培养及其在育种上的应用

评估了２０个水稻品种离体花粉悬浮培养产生愈伤组织和再分化植株的能力，并进行了花粉悬浮培养试验，结果表明；品种之间反应差异很大。来源于日本的“黎明”（粳稻）最敏感。“黎明”植株再分化的频率达８４．１％。在愈伤组织的形成和植株再分化过程中，除其它一些因子外，基因型的差异有一定制约作用。通过水稻花粉悬浮培养诱导出的新品系“Ｎ１０”，其特征有：早熟，穗大，株高（９０～１００ｃｍ），产量高和抗稻瘟病等。     

生命物理学研究的新突破

简要介绍了生命科学研究的新突破,包括人类嗅觉谜团被解开,激活自愈机能治疗肝炎,运用基因重组或剔除基因治疗癌症获重大进展等.