Evidence for several waves of global transmission in the seventh cholera pandemic

Vibrio cholerae is a globally important pathogen that is endemic in many areas of the world and causes 3-5 million reported cases of cholera every year. Historically, there have been seven acknowledged cholera pandemics; recent outbreaks in Zimbabwe and Haiti are included in the seventh and ongoing pandemic. Only isolates in serogroup O1 (consisting of two biotypes known as 'classical' and 'El Tor') and the derivative O139 can cause epidemic cholera. It is believed that the first six cholera pandemics were caused by the classical biotype, but El Tor has subsequently spread globally and replaced the classical biotype in the current pandemic. Detailed molecular epidemiological mapping of cholera has been compromised by a reliance on sub-genomic regions such as mobile elements to infer relationships, making El Tor isolates associated with the seventh pandemic seem superficially diverse. To understand the underlying phylogeny of the lineage responsible for the current pandemic, we identified high-resolution markers (single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNPs) in 154 whole-genome sequences of globally and temporally representative V. cholerae isolates. Using this phylogeny, we show here that the seventh pandemic has spread from the Bay of Bengal in at least three independent but overlapping waves with a common ancestor in the 1950s, and identify several transcontinental transmission events. Additionally, we show how the acquisition of the SXT family of antibiotic resistance elements has shaped pandemic spread, and show that this family was first acquired at least ten years before its discovery in V. cholerae.     

Gonadotropin receptors,cAMP and testosterone in estrogenized male rats

Summary In neonatally estrogenized and PMSG-treated rats, binding of¹²⁵I-HCG to testicular receptors correlates with levels of plasma testosterone, but not with formation of cAMP.     

Electrochemistry: building on bubbles in metal electrodeposition

In the electrodeposition of metals, a widely used industrial technique, bubbles of gas generated near the cathode can adversely affect the quality of the metal coating. Here we use phase-contrast radiology with synchrotron radiation to witness directly and in real time the accumulation of zinc on hydrogen bubbles. This process explains the origin of the bubble-shaped defects that are common in electrodeposited coatings.     

日本柳杉无性系嫁接技术研究初报

采用正交设计、随机区组设计和成对比较法3种方法研究日本柳杉不同接穗长度、不同切口长度、不同嫁接人员、不同接穗长度和不同切口长度以及砧木去顶稍嫁接与不去顶稍对嫁接成活率的影响，同时研究接穗存放时间与方法对嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明拉皮接法成活率最高达85％以上。砧木不断稍有利于提高成活率。接穗浸泡在清水中可延长嫁接时间，但接穗的存放时间越长，成活率越低。     

合肥盆地东缘断裂的新活动性

合肥盆地四周被断裂分割和围限。属于典型的中新代断陷盆地，东缘断裂在其构造演化中起着主导作用。本文从构造地貌、沿程盆地特征、地震活动和断层泥等方面的研究，并应用测龄技术成果，论述它的新活动性。     

Autoantibody formation against spleen in rats ‘chemically splenectomized’ by ethyl palmitate

Summary The follow-up experiments with rats revealed auto-antibodies against spleens damaged by an i.v. ethyl palmitate injection. The antibodies could be shown in some animals only.     

硼对有序态Ni_3Fe合金氢气环境中氢脆敏感性的影响

硼含量（0.01～0.06wt.%B）对有序态Ni-24at.%Fe合金在真空和氢气环境中的力学性能有较大的影响,对有序态Ni3Fe合金在氢气环境中的氢脆敏感性也有较大的作用.研究结果表明,加硼后有序Ni3Fe合金的晶粒尺寸得到细化,材料的强韧性提高 硼有效抑制了有序态Ni-24at.%Fe合金在氢气环境中的氢脆.当合金中硼含量为0.06wt.%时,有序态Ni3Fe合金在氢气环境中的氢脆因子（IH2）为1%,与无硼Ni3Fe合金相比,合金氢脆因子的下降幅度达到98.7%.在氢气环境中拉伸时,无硼有序态Ni3Fe合金的断口形貌为完全的沿晶断口 随着Ni3Fe合金中硼含量的增加,合金断口形貌中的沿晶断口所占比例逐渐减少 当合金中的硼含量大于0.03wt.%后,断口形貌变为全部塑性的韧窝状断口.合金的断口形貌变化表明,有序态Ni3Fe合金中的硼提高了合金的晶界强度.硼对有序态Ni3Fe合金在氢气环境中力学性能和氢脆因子的作用变化表明,硼对有序态Ni3Fe合金中由氢气诱发的环境氢脆有较强的抑制作用.     

关于负绝对温度系统的若干问题

本文对负绝对温度实现的条件、例子，对负绝对温度系统的热力学特征和性质进行了概括、讨论和分析．     

Intravenous delivery of a multi-mechanistic cancer-targeted oncolytic poxvirus in humans

The efficacy and safety of biological molecules in cancer therapy, such as peptides and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), could be markedly increased if high concentrations could be achieved and amplified selectively in tumour tissues versus normal tissues after intravenous administration. This has not been achievable so far in humans. We hypothesized that a poxvirus, which evolved for blood-borne systemic spread in mammals, could be engineered for cancer-selective replication and used as a vehicle for the intravenous delivery and expression of transgenes in tumours. JX-594 is an oncolytic poxvirus engineered for replication, transgene expression and amplification in cancer cells harbouring activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Ras pathway, followed by cell lysis and anticancer immunity. Here we show in a clinical trial that JX-594 selectively infects, replicates and expresses transgene products in cancer tissue after intravenous infusion, in a dose-related fashion. Normal tissues were not affected clinically. This platform technology opens up the possibility of multifunctional products that selectively express high concentrations of several complementary therapeutic and imaging molecules in metastatic solid tumours in humans.