Butterflies and ants: The communicative domain

Associations with ants, termed myrmecophily, are widespread in the butterfly family Lycaenidae and range from mere co-existence to more or less specific mutualistic or even parasitic interactions. Secretions of specialized epidermal glands are crucial for mediating the interactions. Transfer of nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids) from butterfly larvae to ants plays a major role, but manipulative communication with the help of odour signals is also involved. By means of myrmecophily, lycaenid butterflies largely escape ant predation, and certain species gain protection through attendant ants or achieve developmental benefits from ant-attendance. Benefits to the ants range from minimal to substantial food rewards. While most lycaenid species maintain facultative relationships with a variety of ant genera, highly specific and obligatory associations have convergently evolved in a number of butterfly lineages. As a corollary, communication systems are largely unspecific in the former, but may be highly specialized in the latter. The sophisticated communication between obligate myrmecophiles and their host ants is tightly connected with the evolutionary rise of specialized life-cycles and thus is a source of augmenting diversity within the butterflies.     

蕴涵环交换性的某些多项恒等式

设ｍ＞１，ｎ，ｐ，ｑ，ｒ，ｓ均为正整数，Ｒ是一个具有单位元１的环．证明了：如果Ｒ中的任意ｘ，ｙ满足且Ｒ具有Ｑ（ｍ）性质，则Ｒ是一个交换环．此外，在适当的条件下确立了Ｒ的交换性．     

Growth ages of ferromanganese crusts from the western and central Pacific： Comparison between nannofossil analysis and ^10Be dating

Based on results of nannofossil analysis and 10Be dating in ferromanganese crusts M1-1 and A1-1 (no nannofossils were found in it),from the western and central Pacific respectively,it is found that the crust growth ages from nannofossil biostrati-graphy agree well with those based on 10Be isotope analysis. Both crusts have three growth layers,and the oldest layer was deposited in Miocene at about 12.80 Ma. The maximum,minimum,and average growth rates of crust A1-1 (from the central Pacific) are 8.11,1.92 and 3.47 mm/Ma,and those of crust M1-1 (from the western Pacific) are 2.93,0.47,and 0.94 mm/Ma.     

中国美学在21世纪的世界性意义

上个世纪的亚洲美学家们往往依据西方美学传统的基本模式来考察各种美学问题；但实际上，亚洲各国也有自己的与西方不同的美学传统。通过对中西美学传统的比较性考察，探讨中国美学在21世纪人类美学的总体发展中所具有的世界性意义。从中国美学的视点看，美不仅在人与审美对象的关系中具有单纯审美的意义，而且更在人的存在自身中具有形而上的意义；人不仅是审美对象和艺术作品的创造者，而且首先是人自身美的存在的创造者。事实上，只有当人自身的存在首先在形而上的意义上达到了美的层面时，人才有可能一方面在外部世界中创造出审美的对象，另一方面在内心世界中形成审美的心理。中国美学的这一洞见无疑能够大大扩展21世纪人类美学的理论视界和研究内容，使其超出西方美学传统的有限观念，甚至将其提升到人的存在的形而上层面，从而使其对人类的进步发展做出更大的贡献。     

太平沟大桥曲线箱梁顶推施工设计概述

太平沟大桥该桥全长358．8m，平面位于R=1380．965m圆曲线及L5=300m的缓和曲线上，是国内曲线连续顶推桥长最长、跨径最大的一座桥。详细介绍了太平沟大桥曲线箱梁顶推设计特点及施工设计要点。     

Growth of Magnetite Nanoparticles under Magnetic Fields

1 Introduction Over the past several years, the preparation and characterization ofnanoscale magnetic materials, especially one-dimensional (1D) nanostructure, have attracted much attention as the nanomaterials would allow investigating the fundamental aspects of magnetic-ordering phenomena in magnetic materials with reduced dimensions and could lead to new potential applications such as data storage technology[1-6].     

略论唐朝治桂政策实施的背景

唐朝以前，桂东地区的封建庄园经济。土地私有制已有所发展，而桂西地区大体上仍停留在前封建制阶段，社会经济相当落后，尤其是农业经济与桂东有着相当大的差距。唐朝统治者审时度势，根据当时广西社会发展的变化，调整了其治桂政策，在桂东地区设立正州正县，而在桂西地区则继续沿袭前代的的羁縻政策。     

Detection of the translational oscillations of the Earth''''s solid inner core based on the international superconducting gravimeter observations

Before about 100 years, the layered structures of the Earths body and the existence of the liquid core had been found, then the solid inner core and detailed structures in the interior of the Earth are demonstrated, it proves that the satisfied achievements had been obtained in recogni-tion of the Earths interior structures. In recent years, with the increasing requirements of the basic sciences and space techniques to geodynamics of the Earths interior, the theoretical study and practical de…     

IKONOS图象的城市土地利用信息提取方法研究

目前，高分辨率遥感图象正愈来愈多地应用于土地与水资源的监测和管理，其中，IKONOS图象数据因其具有较高的空间分辨率和人机交互的解译效果．在省市土地利用信息获取及在城市研究中更具有广阔的应用前景．以南京幅的IKONOS图象数据为基础．以城乡接合部的不同试验区为对象，着重讨论了高分辨率遥感图象城市土地利用信息的提取与分类方法其主要思想是先应用常用的多光谱分类算法对试验区的土地利用现状进行初始的类别划分，然后采用Majority Filtering技术获取图象的上下信息，并给你根据地物的形状特征和空间关系对初始分类结果进行校正与调整．研究结果表明，当初始的类别划分能满足一定精度时，采用本所提出的方法能进一步改善高分辨率图象城市土地利用信息的分类效果．     

MERGING OPTIMALITY CONDITIONS WITH GENETIC ALGORITHM OPERATORS TO SOLVE SINGLE MACHINE TOTAL WEIGHTED TARDINESS PROBLEM

1.Introduction Production sequencing and scheduling is one of the most important activities in production planning and control.Sequencing is defined as the order in which the jobs are processed through the machines.The allocation of machines over time to process a collection of jobs is defined as Scheduling.Several methods have been developed to solve the scheduling problem which can be classified as follows:1)efficient optimal methods,2)implicit and explicit,or complete enumerative methods,a…