Critical systems heuristics: Application of an emancipatory approach for police strategy toward the carrying of offensive weapons

Critical systems heuristics (CSH) is explored in this article. It is an emancipatory approach to problem solving. Its philosophy and principles are presented. Methodological guidelines and an application for police strategy toward the carrying of offensive weapons are given. A critique of the philosophy, principles and methodology is provided. Room is left for the reader to extend our analysis. The aim of the article is to initiate the use of CSH and to encourage people to help to develop this and other emancipatory approaches.     

Regulated progression of a cultured pre-B-cell line to the B-cell stage

The variable (V) regions of heavy and light immunoglobulin chains are encoded by multiple germline DNA elements which are assembled into complete variable-region genes in precursor(pre-) B lymphocytes. The heavy-chain V region (VH) is assembled from three separate germline DNA elements, the variable (VH), diversity (D) and joining (JH) segments; whereas light-chain variable regions of either the kappa or lambda type are assembled from two elements, the VL and JL. Analysis of tumour cell lines or sorted cell populations which represent early and late pre-B cells has suggested that heavy-chain assembly and expression generally precedes that of light chains; but, primarily because of the lack of appropriate model systems to study the phenomenon, the mechanism and significance of this apparently orderly differentiation process are much debated. Here we describe for the first time a transformed cell line, 300-19, which sequentially undergoes all of the immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and expression events associated with the differentiation of pre-B cells to surface immunoglobulin-positive B lymphocytes. Analysis of the in vitro differentiation of 300-19 cells provides direct evidence for distinct differentiation phases of first VH and subsequently VL assembly during B-cell differentiation. Furthermore, these analyses suggest that the mu heavy chain, resulting from a productive VHDJH rearrangement, has both a positive and a negative regulatory role in mediating this ordered differentiation process, that is, signalling the cessation of VH gene assembly and simultaneously signalling the onset of VL assembly.     

Presynaptic depolarization of olfactory afferent fibers in cat prepyriform cortex

Resumen El efecto de estímulos condicionantes sobre el potencial evocado del área prepiriforme fué estudiado en gatos. La estimulación del bulbo olfatorio y de la corteza prepiriforme contralateral provocan inhibiciones de larga duración (> de 100 mseg); estas pertenecen al tipo presináptico a juzgar por la depolarización aferente primaria (DAP) de los terminales axónicos y los efectos desinhibitorios de la picrotoxina.