Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors

The proliferation of large-scale DNA-sequencing projects in recent years has driven a search for alternative methods to reduce time and cost. Here we describe a scalable, highly parallel sequencing system with raw throughput significantly greater than that of state-of-the-art capillary electrophoresis instruments. The apparatus uses a novel fibre-optic slide of individual wells and is able to sequence 25 million bases, at 99% or better accuracy, in one four-hour run. To achieve an approximately 100-fold increase in throughput over current Sanger sequencing technology, we have developed an emulsion method for DNA amplification and an instrument for sequencing by synthesis using a pyrosequencing protocol optimized for solid support and picolitre-scale volumes. Here we show the utility, throughput, accuracy and robustness of this system by shotgun sequencing and de novo assembly of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome with 96% coverage at 99.96% accuracy in one run of the machine.     

A PPARγ-FGF1 axis is required for adaptive adipose remodelling and metabolic homeostasis

Although feast and famine cycles illustrate that remodelling of adipose tissue in response to fluctuations in nutrient availability is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we identify fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) as a critical transducer in this process in mice, and link its regulation to the nuclear receptor PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ), which is the adipocyte master regulator and the target of the thiazolidinedione class of insulin sensitizing drugs. FGF1 is the prototype of the 22-member FGF family of proteins and has been implicated in a range of physiological processes, including development, wound healing and cardiovascular changes. Surprisingly, FGF1 knockout mice display no significant phenotype under standard laboratory conditions. We show that FGF1 is highly induced in adipose tissue in response to a high-fat diet and that mice lacking FGF1 develop an aggressive diabetic phenotype coupled to aberrant adipose expansion when challenged with a high-fat diet. Further analysis of adipose depots in FGF1-deficient mice revealed multiple histopathologies in the vasculature network, an accentuated inflammatory response, aberrant adipocyte size distribution and ectopic expression of pancreatic lipases. On withdrawal of the high-fat diet, this inflamed adipose tissue fails to properly resolve, resulting in extensive fat necrosis. In terms of mechanisms, we show that adipose induction of FGF1 in the fed state is regulated by PPARγ acting through an evolutionarily conserved promoter proximal PPAR response element within the FGF1 gene. The discovery of a phenotype for the FGF1 knockout mouse establishes the PPARγ–FGF1 axis as critical for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitization.     

HIV preferentially infects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells

HIV infection is associated with the progressive loss of CD4(+) T cells through their destruction or decreased production. A central, yet unresolved issue of HIV disease is the mechanism for this loss, and in particular whether HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells are preferentially affected. Here we show that HIV-specific memory CD4(+) T cells in infected individuals contain more HIV viral DNA than other memory CD4(+) T cells, at all stages of HIV disease. Additionally, following viral rebound during interruption of antiretroviral therapy, the frequency of HIV viral DNA in the HIV-specific pool of memory CD4(+) T cells increases to a greater extent than in memory CD4(+) T cells of other specificities. These findings show that HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells are preferentially infected by HIV in vivo. This provides a potential mechanism to explain the loss of HIV-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses, and consequently the loss of immunological control of HIV replication. Furthermore, the phenomenon of HIV specifically infecting the very cells that respond to it adds a cautionary note to the practice of structured therapy interruption.     

FeⅡ(EDTA)溶液吸收NO的传质反应动力学

在双驱动磁力搅拌釜内,探讨FeⅡ(EDTA)溶液吸收NO的传质反应动力学.实验结果表明:在pH值为6.0,温度为50℃的实验条件下,FeⅡ(EDTA)溶液吸收NO气体为快速拟一级反应,所得到二级反应速率常数k2=1.41×108L·(mol·s)-1.实验增强因子与吸收液浓度的平方根成正比,将其与膜模型计算得到的理论增强因子进行比较,两者最大误差小于6%.     

物联网体系结构与实现方法的比较研究

科学技术的应用推动了互联网和物联网的到来,物联网是现代信息技术发展中最重要的部分,物联网是通过网络将事物和事物之间相互关联,物联网和互联网之间相互发展得到。物联网技术的应用现在正处于发展的顶峰时期,我国也取得了一定的成果,但仍然存在一系列的问题,尤其是物联网体系结构的优化上。物联网的结构可以分为两种:后端集中式和全段分布式,这两种结构都具有一定的可取性。本文通过对物联网体系结构现状的分析,对物联网体系结构的优化方法进行系统的研究。     

120t复吹转炉模型的试验研究

复吹转炉采用的底枪支数及其布置对吹炼效果有明显的影响.试验结果表明,120t复吹转炉四底枪效果较好,最佳位置是 0.2、0.2D正方形布置;在Jo_2=2.75m~3/min·t条件下,采用1—4支底枪,底部供气均存在一极限气量,采用3或4支底枪,顶部供氧也存在一极限值;为取得稳定和最佳的复吹效果,顶、底供气应有一最佳配合。     

兼顾连笔和笔顺的联机手写汉字识别方法

为解决联机手写汉字识别技术中兼顾连笔和笔顺的难题，提出了联机手写汉字的模糊属性关系图描述和基于知识的松驰匹配方法。该方法能充分描述汉字结构、对手写变形不敏感，并具有良好的连笔字识别能力和适应不同笔顺的特点。基于上述方法，作者实现了一个联机手写汉字识别系统。实验结果表明，本方法能够有效地增加对于低限制书写汉字的识别正确率，并具有较好的抗噪声能力。经过２２５３０汉字测试，首位识别率达９８．８％，前十位识别率达９９．７％。     

福建省科技进步指标间数量关系

依据福建省“八五”重点软科学项目“福建省科技与经济、社会协调发展模型与系统分析”的研究，依据该省的实际情况，建立了以技术进步速度为核心的若干科技指标间的数量关系．为预测和控制区域技术进步对经济增长的贡献提供一种思路．     

澳洲为什么没有袋虎？

澳洲大陆的有袋类以其集中于有胎盘哺乳类而著称于世,其中大多是袋鼹、袋小鼠和袋猫之类,也有一些集中于袋鼠类,它们与鹿的进化地位相近。这就使得澳洲大陆没有“袋虎”或其它大型有袋食肉动物格外令人惊奇。难道在第一个欧洲探险者登上这块大陆前,这些动物就已完成了进化并灭绝了吗? 要理解在一个动物群中,这样一种缺少大食肉类的不寻常营养层分布在理论上的意义,     

河南伞形科植物研究（一）

伞形科植物种类繁多(世界有260余属2500余种;我国有90余属600余种),分类上十分困难,通过深入研究,该科植物在河南有27属55种1变种(其中有3种为河南新记录)。本文包括17属30种1变种。分布于省内各山区不同海拔高度和不同生境中。有些种类为名贵的传统中药材,如明党参、柴胡等;有些则为香料植物,如芫荽(香菜)、茴香等。本文详尽描述了科、属、种的特征及地理分布与生境;编写了属、种检索表,并尽可能地对其化学成分和经济用途作了分析与记述。因此,该文为进一步合理开发利用伞形科植物资源提供科学依据,并为有关部门教学、科研和生产提供作参考。