Activation of old carbon by erosion of coastal and subsea permafrost in Arctic Siberia

The future trajectory of greenhouse gas concentrations depends on interactions between climate and the biogeosphere. Thawing of Arctic permafrost could release significant amounts of carbon into the atmosphere in this century. Ancient Ice Complex deposits outcropping along the ~7,000-kilometre-long coastline of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS), and associated shallow subsea permafrost, are two large pools of permafrost carbon, yet their vulnerabilities towards thawing and decomposition are largely unknown. Recent Arctic warming is stronger than has been predicted by several degrees, and is particularly pronounced over the coastal ESAS region. There is thus a pressing need to improve our understanding of the links between permafrost carbon and climate in this relatively inaccessible region. Here we show that extensive release of carbon from these Ice Complex deposits dominates (57?±?2 per cent) the sedimentary carbon budget of the ESAS, the world’s largest continental shelf, overwhelming the marine and topsoil terrestrial components. Inverse modelling of the dual-carbon isotope composition of organic carbon accumulating in ESAS surface sediments, using Monte Carlo simulations to account for uncertainties, suggests that 44?±?10 teragrams of old carbon is activated annually from Ice Complex permafrost, an order of magnitude more than has been suggested by previous studies. We estimate that about two-thirds (66?±?16 per cent) of this old carbon escapes to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, with the remainder being re-buried in shelf sediments. Thermal collapse and erosion of these carbon-rich Pleistocene coastline and seafloor deposits may accelerate with Arctic amplification of climate warming.     

The Amazon basin in transition

Agricultural expansion and climate variability have become important agents of disturbance in the Amazon basin. Recent studies have demonstrated considerable resilience of Amazonian forests to moderate annual drought, but they also show that interactions between deforestation, fire and drought potentially lead to losses of carbon storage and changes in regional precipitation patterns and river discharge. Although the basin-wide impacts of land use and drought may not yet surpass the magnitude of natural variability of hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles, there are some signs of a transition to a disturbance-dominated regime. These signs include changing energy and water cycles in the southern and eastern portions of the Amazon basin.     

平行双裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法

为了快速、方便地估算多裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,以承受均匀拉伸载荷的含平行双裂纹的有限平板模型为研究对象,提出了一种基于裂纹最大张口位移量确定平行双裂纹尖端应力强度因子的新方法.该方法以单裂纹问题中最大张口位移与应力强度因子间的函数关系为基础,考虑了平行双裂纹的垂向、纵向裂纹间距比和裂纹长度比的影响,拟合出纵向间距比为0时不同裂纹长度比下与垂向间距比相关的修正系数表达式,并进一步分析了裂纹纵向间距比对双裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响,最终建立了平行双裂纹应力强度因子的简便方法.     

大尺寸三维激光测量系统标定方法

研究了一种基于平面几何射影变换原理的三维激光测量系统标定方法. 根据测量系统中激光扫描平面的旋转特点,基于平面射影变换中直线不变的映射关系建立了标定对象表面被测点在不同参考系之间变换的约束关系,并采用封闭运动链思想定义系统参考系空间刚体变换关系,将系统标定问题转化为世界坐标系下系统内参数矩阵和外参数矩阵的求解. 通过空间变换关系得到上述2个矩阵的解,实现系统的标定. 该方法标定装置简单、速度快、稳定性好,能够满足实际工程应用中的需求.     

施工振动下基于黏弹性边界的地下结构动力特性模拟

结合上海市人民广场地铁换乘大厅枢纽工程,建立了基于黏弹性边界的三维有限元分析模型,利用Newmark数值方法对在拆除临时混凝土支撑振动条件下结构的动力特性进行研究,并将数值计算结果与现场监测结果进行比较.结果表明：所建立的基于黏弹性边界的数值模型不仅能够较好地模拟施工振动下结构的动力特性,消除土体与结构交界面的振动波虚假发射;而且可以预测激励荷载下结构发生共振的可能性.     

基本路径测试法的应用

介绍了基本路径测试法的概念和应用步骤,并给出了利用基本路径测试法设计测试用例的过程,总结了这一过程中经常出现的问题及解决办法.     

高职院校实验教学中存在的问题及对策

当前,高职院校实验教学中存在的主要问题是教学体制陈旧、教学手段落后、教学方法单一、仪器设备老化等。为此,必须改革传统的实验教学模式,结合工程实际,完善教学内容,改进实验教学手段和方法,积极开设综合性、设计性实验,以培养学生的探索精神、创新意识和科学素养。只有这样,才能提升高职院校人才培养质量。     

投资学专业实验教学改革探讨

实验教学对于投资学专业课程的学习具有重要的意义。针对投资学专业实验教学过程中存在师资队伍不足、实验室建设滞后、实验课程开设过少等问题,提出从增加投入改善实验教学的软硬件环境、加强实验教学师资队伍建设、增加实验教学的比重、将实验教学和实践教学相结合、开放实验室等方面对投资学专业实验教学进行改革。     

快速分析香料槟榔片的挥发性组分

采用顶空固相微萃取气质联用(HS-SPME-GC/MS)法分析检测香料槟榔片的挥发性香味组分,探讨萃取时间和萃取温度对所鉴定出的化合物数量及其质量分数的影响,确定固相微萃取的优化条件为:萃取时间30 min,萃取温度60℃。此时槟榔色谱共分离得到35种化合物,可鉴别出29种物质,其主要组分是反式茴香醚(w=25.573%)、己酸(w=17.227%)、肉桂醛(w=11.658%)、4-甲氧基安息香醛(w=4.513%)、十二烷酸(w=4.463%)和己醛(w=3.459%)等。