Groundwork of a Sartrean Input Toward Informing Some Concerns of Critical Systems Thinking

Research under way by this author seeks to return to von Bertalanffy's philosophical deliberations believing that they can provide an input which is as yet untapped and which provides a journey through phenomenological and existential ideas. The motivation for the research stems from three interlinked areas. First, in examining the beginnings of Critical Systems Thinking, a justification is found for its embrace of diverse inputs which began with Critical Theory and Habermas. A main conclusion is that any diversity must have one thing in common: it must not violate systemicity. This leads to an examination of the initial Habermasian incorporation, where one finds that a question which directly leads Critical Systems Thinking to consider critical awareness, social awareness, and human emancipation remains unanswered. An answer is provided, but this answer comes from an as yet untapped source in the field, the work of Jean-Paul Sartre. The appearance of Sartre in providing what is deemed to be an important answer begs the further question of whether he can inform Critical Systems Thinking without violating systemicity. A return to von Bertalanffy, in the third section, shows that no such violation is pending since a reading of his philosophical deliberations paves the way for an input from Sartre, first through the phenomenological tradition and then through its existential variant. In the process, the systemic nature of both Sartre's approach and ethical concerns unfolds.     

Judgement aggregation in scientific collaborations: The case for waiving expertise

The fragmentation of academic disciplines forces individuals to specialise. In doing so, they become experts over their narrow area of research. However, ambitious scientific projects, such as the search for gravitational waves, require them to come together and collaborate across disciplinary borders. How should scientists with expertise in different disciplines treat each others’ expert claims? An intuitive answer is that the collaboration should defer to the opinions of experts. In this paper we show that under certain seemingly innocuous assumptions, this intuitive answer gives rise to an impossibility result when it comes to aggregating the beliefs of experts to deliver the beliefs of a collaboration as a whole. We then argue that when experts’ beliefs come into conflict, they should waive their expert status.     

罂粟细胞在离体和活体培养中核型的比较研究

本文研究了罂粟根分生区细胞的核型和愈伤组织细胞的核型，并对二者进行了对比分析。结果表明在这两种细胞中核型存在差异，愈伤组织细胞的染色体数目变化较大。二者染色体的长度、着丝粒的位置有所不同。     

Managerial Effectiveness from a System Theoretical Point of View

This paper defines managerial effectiveness as the ability to answer three questions: (1) Given sparse knowledge of a problematic situation, how is it possible to extract information from it?; (2) If such information can indeed be extracted, how can it be structured in a way which enables rigorous problem definition?; and (3) If a problem can indeed be defined rigorously, how can this definition be used to inform a systemic approach toward resolution? Managerial effectiveness, in other words, is understood as the ability to make systemic decisions in the absence of clear facts. A configuration of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) is presented, and it is argued that this configuration addresses the three questions and facilitates useful and practical systemic results in the face of partial information. Overall, the paper provides a theoretical basis for discussing managerial effectiveness, a decision making model which renders the theory operational, a teaching and training tool for disseminating SSM, and a blueprint from which to begin considering software support for the methodology.     

Sensory neuron sodium channel Nav1.8 is essential for pain at low temperatures

Sensory acuity and motor dexterity deteriorate when human limbs cool down, but pain perception persists and cold-induced pain can become excruciating. Evolutionary pressure to enforce protective behaviour requires that damage-sensing neurons (nociceptors) continue to function at low temperatures. Here we show that this goal is achieved by endowing superficial endings of slowly conducting nociceptive fibres with the tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) Na(v)1.8 (ref. 2). This channel is essential for sustained excitability of nociceptors when the skin is cooled. We show that cooling excitable membranes progressively enhances the voltage-dependent slow inactivation of tetrodotoxin-sensitive VGSCs. In contrast, the inactivation properties of Na(v)1.8 are entirely cold-resistant. Moreover, low temperatures decrease the activation threshold of the sodium currents and increase the membrane resistance, augmenting the voltage change caused by any membrane current. Thus, in the cold, Na(v)1.8 remains available as the sole electrical impulse generator in nociceptors that transmits nociceptive information to the central nervous system. Consistent with this concept is the observation that Na(v)1.8-null mutant mice show negligible responses to noxious cold and mechanical stimulation at low temperatures. Our data present strong evidence for a specialized role of Na(v)1.8 in nociceptors as the critical molecule for the perception of cold pain and pain in the cold.     

高能~(12)C~(6+)离子辐照诱发小肠急性损伤研究

将昆明鼠固定全身接受单能12C6+离子束辐照,于照后不同时间颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠,剖取空肠组织,Bouin固定液固定,石蜡切片切为5μm,HE染色后观察病理变化并统计隐窝部位辐照诱导的细胞凋亡率以及凋亡细胞和增殖细胞在隐窝中的分布.辐照后15.5 h绒毛开始脱落,绒毛密度于25.5 h降至最低,3.5天恢复至正常密度.于照后5.5～6天固有层和肌肉层有炎症细胞浸润,同时固有层淋巴小结增多.小肠黏膜完整性丧失程度与辐照剂量相关.照后5～6天出现隐窝分裂现象.小肠及结肠组织出现类似于绒毛腺瘤的结构.隐窝细胞凋亡率于照后5.5h达到峰值,凋亡细胞最常见于细胞位置10,而增殖细胞最常见于细胞位置16.     

离子束增强沉积纳米Fe—N磁性膜

利用高能量（〉１５ｋｅＶ）、脉冲氮离子束增强沉积（ＩＢＥＤ）Ｆｅ－Ｎ磁性薄膜。合成了含有α－Ｆｅ、α″－Ｆｅ１６Ｎ２、γ＇－Ｆｅ４Ｎ和ε－Ｆｅ２￣３Ｎ相的纳米多晶薄膜。Ｆｅ－Ｎ薄膜的磁性取决于膜层的相结构及微观形貌。纳米尺度的α″－Ｆｅ１６Ｎ２和α－Ｆｅ相的混合物膜层的饱和磁性强度可达２４５ｅｍｕ／ｇ。多元ＩＢＥＤ Ｆｅ－Ｃｏ－Ｎ合金薄膜与相同制备条件下合成的Ｆｅ－Ｎ薄膜相比，其相结构相似，但饱和     

神经元建模和脑功能成像的研究

长期以来，在理论上架建神经生理学和心理学之间的桥梁一直是神经科学家和认知科学家的研究方向和发展目标。根据电生理学的数据、神经生理学实验和神经心理学证据，本文建立了一种生物神经元的合理数学模型。该神经元模型构造的神经网络的动力学行为可以联系到一些神经生理现象和心理现象。本文还讨论了神经元建模、脑功能和功能成像三者之间的交叉问题。     

非均匀场磁共振成像仪物理设计要点和应用定位

阐明了单边型非均匀场的特征是垂直和平行于表面方向分别存在巨大梯度和均匀场。揭示了对样品表面层进行磁共振成像(MRI)分析的物理原理。针对这种非均匀场MRI的特定条件,对物理设计要点比如90°,180°RF脉冲、编码方式、脉冲序列等提出了要求和限制。由对静态巨大梯度引起的扩散效应的定量计算数据对回波时间提出了限制条件,从而确定对编码梯度、RF场强度的要求,以及可实际运行的RF脉冲类型。定量计算了人脑单层面成像的时间,论证了介入应用的禁戒性。指出单边型非均匀场MRI的优势在于轻巧、便携、灵活,不受场合、地域、样品尺度等的限制,可在广阔的领域以非侵入式、非破坏性方式对任意大样品的表面层进行MRI分析和测量。