Serum levels of perfluorinated compounds in the general population in Shenzhen, China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been detected in many environmental matrices, biota, and nonoccupationally exposed populations in China recently. However, little is known about the distribution and levels of various PFCs in the general population living in areas where there is PFC exposure. In the present study, the levels and prevalence of ten target PFCs were determined in 227 serum samples from a population of nonoccupationally exposed individuals in Shenzhen, China. Results indicated that human exposure to PFCs was prevalent in Shenzhen. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was the dominant PFC contaminant in the serum samples, with a median concentration of 6.72 ng/mL, followed by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with a median concentration of 2.07 ng/mL. Other PFCs were detected at much lower concentrations, with median concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.87 ng/mL. Statistically, no significant (P>0.05) gender differences were observed for any of the PFCs. Significant (P<0.01) positive correlations were found between age and serum concentrations of the target PFCs, except for perfluorobutane sulfonate (R = 0.16, P = 0.01), perfluorohexanoic acid (R = 0.08, P = 0.22), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (R = 0.11, P = 0.10). Based on the one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, the total daily intakes of PFOA and PFOS for the general population in Shenzhen were calculated as 0.63 and 0.20 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively.     

Rolling-induced microstructure change in Zr_(65)Al_(7.5)Ni_(10)Cu_(12.5)Ag_5 bulk metallic glass

The microstructures and free-volume evolutions of as-cast and pre-annealed Zr65Al7.5Ni10Cu12.5Ag5 bulk metallic glasses during rolling deformation have been investigated. No phase transformation is detected in the as-cast/rolled specimen. However,the structural stability of the glass against plastic deformation is worse after pre-annealing,indicated by nanocrystallization in preannealed/rolled specimens with large deformation degrees. Moreover,with increasing deformation degree,the free-volume content in a ...     

A comparison of optimization theories for energy conservation in heat exchanger groups

In general,thermal processes can be classified into two categories: heat-work conversion processes and heat transfer processes. Correspondingly,the optimization of thermal processes has to have two different criteria:the well known entropy generation minimization method and the recently proposed entransy dissipation maximization method. This study analyzes the thermal issues in a heat exchanger group,and optimizes the unit arrangements under different constraints based on a suitable optimization crite-rion. The result indicates that the principle of minimum entropy generation rate is valid for optimizing heat exchangers in a ther-modynamic cycle with given boundary temperatures. In contrast,the entransy dissipation maximization is more suitable in heat exchanger optimizations involving only heat transfer processes. Furthermore,the entropy generation rate induced by dumping used streams into ambient surroundings has to be taken into account,except for that originating from the hot and cold-ends of heat exchangers,when using the entropy generation minimization to optimize heat exchangers undergoing a thermodynamic cycle.     

论思维的复杂系统模型暨新一代专家系统的设想

在复杂系统研究思想指导下,构建了基于神经元网络结构的复杂系统思维模型,提出以网络节点表示概念,以网络连接表示命题,以网络回路实现知识表达,以网络节点间的时空动力学激发实现演绎推理等思维活动的理论新框架,并以此为基础对新一代专家系统进行了设计。     

联合摄影及斜点样方法的单株植物冠层结构参数测量(Ⅰ):冠层三维重建

联合摄影、三维立体体元模型及光线跟踪法开展了面向高精度总面积指数(plant area index,PAI)测量的冠层精细三维模型重建研究.研究发现,冠层背景及天气条件对冠层影像分类影响显著;相机外方位元素解算精度受控制点精度影响较大,但受控制点数目影响相对较小.合理的单位体元大小及分区大小组合对于冠层三维重建至关重要,任意单位体元大小及分区大小组合可引起冠层三维重建异常.与立体体元大小相比,分区大小对冠层三维重建影响更为显著.     

傅里叶变换近红外光谱法测定榨菜酱油成分

基于傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术,通过主成分分析(PCA),可较好地区分不同品牌的榨菜酱油样本.利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了测定榨菜酱油成分的定量分析模型,校正集样本中总酸、氨基酸态氮和食盐的分析模型决定系数(R2)分别为98.44,98.74和98.48,交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)分别为0.001 3,0.008 44和0.355.预测集样本中总酸、氨基酸态氮和食盐的外部验证决定系数(R2)分别为96.04,95.90,96.27,预测集标准偏差(RMSEP)分别为0.017 4,0.012 9,0.48.实验结果具有较高的预测精度,可以用于测定榨菜酱油主要成分的质量浓度.     

宽端接圆柱杆的复合指数形变幅杆的设计

利用替代法得到了复合指数形变幅杆的频率方程,在此基础上解算出谐振长度、放大系数等重要参数,并借助于ANSYS软件对复合变幅杆进行模态分析.结果表明该方法对复合形变幅杆的设计是可行的,也显示了ANSYS在变幅杆设计中的重要性.这给其他复合变幅杆的设计提供了参考.     

表面增强光谱和表面等离激元共振传感器

表面等离激元光子学是研究光和金属表面自由电子耦合所引起金属表面电荷密度振荡的性质及其应用的一门学科. 金属中的自由电子在入射光的作用下产生集体振荡. 在垂直表面的方向上强度呈指数衰减, 使得亚波长金属结构中光场高度局域. 由于独特的光学性质, 使得其具有广泛的应用, 其中两个重要的分支为: 表面增强光谱和表面等离激元共振传感器. 表面增强光谱传感器是利用纳米结构的巨大表面增强效应来直接探测表面分子,表面等离激元共振传感器通过检测目标分子对等离激元共振峰的影响进行定性定量检测.这两种优势互补的传感器技术都可以达到单细胞甚至单分子的检测水平. 本文将论述表面等离激元光子学的原理、表面增强光谱和表面增强光谱传感器研究领域的国内外最新进展和发展趋势.     

CdTe/ZnS 量子点荧光可逆调控研究ctDNA 与吡柔比星的相互作用

水相合成了谷胱甘肽修饰的CdTe/ZnS 量子点(GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs). 从原子力显微镜照片可以看出, 合成的核壳型GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 具有良好的分散性. 当吡柔比星与GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 相互作用时, 吡柔比星吸附在GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 的表面, 通过光诱导电子转移的方式猝灭GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 的荧光. 然后向GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs-吡柔比星体系中加入ctDNA, 吡柔比星从GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 表面脱落后嵌入ctDNA 双螺旋结构中, 光诱导电子转移过程被阻断, GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 的荧光恢复. 根据GSH-CdTe/ZnSQDs 荧光的猝灭和恢复, 实现了量子点荧光的可逆调控. 结合共振瑞利散射和紫外吸收光谱, 讨论了GSH-CdTe/ZnS QDs 吡柔比星-ctDNA 的相互作用机理, 建立了一种研究蒽醌类抗癌药物与核酸相互作用的光谱方法.     

集成微流控芯片

作为一种能够在微米级尺度操纵液体的新兴技术, 微流控芯片已经受到科学家们的广泛关注. 高密度集成的微流控芯片装置可以实现高通量并行化的实验以及多种操作单元的功能一体化, 作为一种新的方法学平台, 已经越来越多地应用于化学和生命科学的研究中. 本文着重介绍了集成化微流控芯片装置的基本概念、构建方法、及其在细胞生物学、分子生物学以及化学合成应用研究中的最新进展, 尤其强调了集成微流控芯片系统在传统方法难以达成或实现的单细胞和高通量的研究中的优势, 展望了集成化微流控芯片在化学以及生命科学中的应用前景.