Chronic polyarthritis caused by mammalian DNA that escapes from degradation in macrophages

A large amount of chromosomal DNA is degraded during programmed cell death and definitive erythropoiesis. DNase II is an enzyme that digests the chromosomal DNA of apoptotic cells and nuclei expelled from erythroid precursor cells after macrophages have engulfed them. Here we show that DNase II-/-IFN-IR-/- mice and mice with an induced deletion of the DNase II gene develop a chronic polyarthritis resembling human rheumatoid arthritis. A set of cytokine genes was strongly activated in the affected joints of these mice, and their serum contained high levels of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, rheumatoid factor and matrix metalloproteinase-3. Early in the pathogenesis, expression of the gene encoding tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was upregulated in the bone marrow, and administration of anti-TNF-alpha antibody prevented the development of arthritis. These results indicate that if macrophages cannot degrade mammalian DNA from erythroid precursors and apoptotic cells, they produce TNF-alpha, which activates synovial cells to produce various cytokines, leading to the development of chronic polyarthritis.     

一种用于GPS定位估计滤波算法的非线性模型

提出了一种将现代非线性滤波技术用于GPS定位估计的方法，该方法可用于低价位的单机GPS接收器的定位，提高它们的定位精度和鲁棒性．应用该方法，根据单机GPS的原始数据、伪距和多普勒频移进行定位估计。开发了一种新的基于非线性滤波的位置和速度估计模型，该非线性模型具有随观察到的卫星数量而改变状态和测量元个数的动态特性．运用一种新型的非线性滤波-平淡卡尔曼滤波求解该模型．GPS定位实验结果表明．与通用的最小二乘迭代法或直接从接受机获得的结果相比，所提出的非线性模型得出的滤波估计结果具有较高的精度和鲁棒性．