纳米Ni-Al2O3金属陶瓷粉末热压致密化过程

采用粒径小于100 nm,金属Ni包覆Al2O3得到的纳米Ni-Al2O3化学包覆粉为原料,将Ni含量不同的几种纳米Ni-Al2O3(粒径约为38 nm)金属陶瓷复合粉末首先采取模压成形方式压制成直径为30 mm的圆片,然后放在石墨模具中在热压机上进行热压,研究热压(HP)温度和Ni含量对致密化过程的影响.研究结果表明:当Ni含量为20%和热压温度为1 400℃时,制品密度和显微硬度最高;在1 400℃热压2 h,Al2O3-Ni2O烧结体的相对密度最高,达到99.6%,Al2O3-Ni5的显微硬度HV达到1 690.9kg/mm2;随着Ni含量的增加,制品硬度降低,当Ni含量超过20%时,硬度降低非常显著,Ni含量为50%时HV降至1 316.7 kg/mm2;烧结体中Ni颗粒均匀分布在基体中,且大部分位于三角晶界处,有效地阻止了Al2O3基体晶粒的长大.     

Ni46Mn35Ga19单晶中磁转变和马氏体相变的物理表征及形状记忆效应

NiMnGa是最早发现的铁磁形状记忆合金,是一种新型的形状记忆材料。自发现以来,许多学者对其进行了深入的研究,但对磁转交和马氏体转变共同发生的转变特性却缺乏系统的表征。本文采用多种测量手段,如相变潜热、电阻、交流磁化率和应变测量,对提拉法生长的Ni46Mn35Ga19单晶的磁转变和马氏体相变同时发生的转变行为进行了系统表征;根据合金形状记忆的特点和马氏体变体择优取向的机理,对实验结果进行了分析和讨论。应变测量结果表明,伴随该转变行为,材料展现出应变量达-0．89％的自发双向形状记忆效应和应变量高达-1．90％的磁控形状记忆效应。     

Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)-toward standards for microarray data.

Microarray analysis has become a widely used tool for the generation of gene expression data on a genomic scale. Although many significant results have been derived from microarray studies, one limitation has been the lack of standards for presenting and exchanging such data. Here we present a proposal, the Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME), that describes the minimum information required to ensure that microarray data can be easily interpreted and that results derived from its analysis can be independently verified. The ultimate goal of this work is to establish a standard for recording and reporting microarray-based gene expression data, which will in turn facilitate the establishment of databases and public repositories and enable the development of data analysis tools. With respect to MIAME, we concentrate on defining the content and structure of the necessary information rather than the technical format for capturing it.     

Purification and cloning of amyloid precursor protein beta-secretase from human brain

Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) generates amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide, which is thought to be causal for the pathology and subsequent cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Cleavage by beta-secretase at the amino terminus of the Abeta peptide sequence, between residues 671 and 672 of APP, leads to the generation and extracellular release of beta-cleaved soluble APP, and a corresponding cell-associated carboxy-terminal fragment. Cleavage of the C-terminal fragment by gamma-secretase(s) leads to the formation of Abeta. The pathogenic mutation K670M671-->N670L671 at the beta-secretase cleavage site in APP, which was discovered in a Swedish family with familial Alzheimer's disease, leads to increased beta-secretase cleavage of the mutant substrate. Here we describe a membrane-bound enzyme activity that cleaves full-length APP at the beta-secretase cleavage site, and find it to be the predominant beta-cleavage activity in human brain. We have purified this enzyme activity to homogeneity from human brain using a new substrate analogue inhibitor of the enzyme activity, and show that the purified enzyme has all the properties predicted for beta-secretase. Cloning and expression of the enzyme reveals that human brain beta-secretase is a new membrane-bound aspartic proteinase.     

A novel metalloproteinase gene specifically expressed in stromal cells of breast carcinomas.

A gene has been identified that is expressed specifically in stromal cells surrounding invasive breast carcinomas. On the basis of its sequence, the product of this gene, named stromelysin-3, is a new member of the family of metalloproteinase enzymes which degrade the extracellular matrix. The suggestion is that stromelysin-3 is one of the stroma-derived factors that have long been postulated to play an important part in progression of epithelial malignancies.     

An organic thyristor

Thyristors are a class of nonlinear electronic device that exhibit bistable resistance--that is, they can be switched between two different conductance states. Thyristors are widely used as inverters (direct to alternating current converters) and for the smooth control of power in a variety of applications such as motors and refrigerators. Materials and structures that exhibit nonlinear resistance of this sort are not only useful for practical applications: they also provide systems for exploring fundamental aspects of solid-state and statistical physics. Here we report the discovery of a giant nonlinear resistance effect in the conducting organic salt theta-(BEDT-TTF)2CsCo(SCN)4, the voltage-current characteristics of which are essentially the same as those of a conventional thyristor. This intrinsic organic thyristor works as an inverter, generating an alternating current when a static direct-current voltage is applied. Whereas conventional thyristors consist of a series of diodes (their nonlinearity comes from interface effects at the p-n junctions), the present salt exhibits giant nonlinear resistance as a bulk phenomenon. We attribute the origin of this effect to the current-induced melting of insulating charge-order domains, an intrinsically non-equilibrium phenomenon in the sense that ordered domains are melted by a steady flow.     

SLAC1 is required for plant guard cell S-type anion channel function in stomatal signalling

Stomatal pores, formed by two surrounding guard cells in the epidermis of plant leaves, allow influx of atmospheric carbon dioxide in exchange for transpirational water loss. Stomata also restrict the entry of ozone--an important air pollutant that has an increasingly negative impact on crop yields, and thus global carbon fixation and climate change. The aperture of stomatal pores is regulated by the transport of osmotically active ions and metabolites across guard cell membranes. Despite the vital role of guard cells in controlling plant water loss, ozone sensitivity and CO2 supply, the genes encoding some of the main regulators of stomatal movements remain unknown. It has been proposed that guard cell anion channels function as important regulators of stomatal closure and are essential in mediating stomatal responses to physiological and stress stimuli. However, the genes encoding membrane proteins that mediate guard cell anion efflux have not yet been identified. Here we report the mapping and characterization of an ozone-sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, slac1. We show that SLAC1 (SLOW ANION CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED 1) is preferentially expressed in guard cells and encodes a distant homologue of fungal and bacterial dicarboxylate/malic acid transport proteins. The plasma membrane protein SLAC1 is essential for stomatal closure in response to CO2, abscisic acid, ozone, light/dark transitions, humidity change, calcium ions, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. Mutations in SLAC1 impair slow (S-type) anion channel currents that are activated by cytosolic Ca2+ and abscisic acid, but do not affect rapid (R-type) anion channel currents or Ca2+ channel function. A low homology of SLAC1 to bacterial and fungal organic acid transport proteins, and the permeability of S-type anion channels to malate suggest a vital role for SLAC1 in the function of S-type anion channels.     

Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property

Globally, soil organic matter (SOM) contains more than three times as much carbon as either the atmosphere or terrestrial vegetation. Yet it remains largely unknown why some SOM persists for millennia whereas other SOM decomposes readily--and this limits our ability to predict how soils will respond to climate change. Recent analytical and experimental advances have demonstrated that molecular structure alone does not control SOM stability: in fact, environmental and biological controls predominate. Here we propose ways to include this understanding in a new generation of experiments and soil carbon models, thereby improving predictions of the SOM response to global warming.     

空间n边形中的正弦定理

利用向量代数中的一个基本等式进行推证,得出了在空间 ｎ 边形中正弦定理的表现形式。使文［１］,［２］,［３］更加完整     

离子束增强纯铁的磨损行为研究

纯铁表面沉积Ｔｉ和Ａｌ膜的同时，用Ｎ＾＋离子束注入增强沉积，成功地形成了性能优越的表面改性层。与ＺｒＯ２陶瓷球对磨结果表明，经Ａｌ＋Ｎ＾＋ＡＫ Ｉ＋ｎ＾＋离子束增强沉积后，纯铁的表面显微硬度及磨损性能得到了较大的提高，磨痕形貌和元素分布观察结果表明：离子束增强沉积处理前后，磨损的机理发生了变化。