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41.
Rein Vihalemm 《Foundations of Science》2007,12(3):223-234
The philosophical analysis of chemistry has advanced at such a pace during the last dozen years that the existence of philosophy of chemistry as an autonomous discipline cannot be doubted any more. The present paper will attempt to analyse the experience of philosophy of chemistry at the, so to say, meta-level. Philosophers of chemistry have especially stressed that all sciences need not be similar to physics. They have tried to argue for chemistry as its own type of science and for a pluralistic understanding of science in general. However, when stressing the specific character of chemistry, philosophers do not always analyse the question ‘What is science?’ theoretically. It is obvious that a ‘monistic’ understanding of science should not be based simply on physics as the epitome of science, regarding it as a historical accident that physics has obtained this status. The author’s point is that the philosophical and methodological image of science should not be chosen arbitrarily; instead, it should be theoretically elaborated as an idealization (theoretical model) substantiated on the historical practice of science. It is argued that although physics has, in a sense, justifiably obtained the status of a paradigm of science, chemistry, which is not simply a physical science, but a discipline with a dual character, is also relevant for elaborating a theoretical model of science. The theoretical model of science is a good tool for examining various issues in philosophy of chemistry as well as in philosophy of science or science studies generally. 相似文献
42.
Global Optimization in Any Minkowski Metric: A Permutation-Translation Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Multidimensional Scaling 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
It is well known that considering a non-Euclidean Minkowski metric in Multidimensional Scaling, either for the distance model
or for the loss function, increases the computational problem of local minima considerably. In this paper, we propose an algorithm
in which both the loss function and the composition rule can be considered in any Minkowski metric, using a multivariate randomly
alternating Simulated Annealing procedure with permutation and translation phases. The algorithm has been implemented in Fortran
and tested over classical and simulated data matrices with sizes up to 200 objects. A study has been carried out with some
of the common loss functions to determine the most suitable values for the main parameters. The experimental results confirm
the theoretical expectation that Simulated Annealing is a suitable strategy to deal by itself with the optimization problems
in Multidimensional Scaling, in particular for City-Block, Euclidean and Infinity metrics. 相似文献
43.
S. K. MISHRA Shouyang WANG K. K. LAI 《系统科学与复杂性》2007,20(3):344-349
In this paper, we introduce a new class of generalized convex function, namely, a-pseudounivex function, by combining the concepts of pseudo-univex and α-invex functions. Further, we establish some relationships between vector variational-like inequality problems and vector optimization problems under the assumptions of α-pseudo-univex functions. Results obtained in this paper present a refinement and improvement of previously known results. 相似文献
44.
歌德的《浮士德》是“一种生活的发现艺术”。通过阅读作品,我们就会发现无论是“浮士德”形象还是“浮士德精神”,其最终的指向都是人的心灵世界,是人类追求和寻找精神家园的一种艺术化表达,浮士德的一生是寻找精神家园的一次审美体验。 相似文献
45.
A theoretical model for mid-and low-latitude ionospheric electric fields in realistic geomagnetic fields 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The geomagnetic fields, which play important roles in the ionospheric dynamo, can greatly affect the global distribution of ionospheric electric fields, currents and other ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena. In the study of ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena, such as the longitudinal variations of ionospheric electric fields, the non-dipolar component of the geomagnetic fields must be taken into account. In this paper, we deduce a theoretical electric field model for ionospheric dynamo at mid- and low-latitude which adopt a modified magnetic apex coordinates system. In the new electric field model, the geomagnetic fields can be calculated from either the IGRF model or the dipole field model, and the neutral winds and conductivities are calculated based on empirical models. Then the dynamo equation for the electric potential is finally solved in terms of the line-by-line iteration method, and the ionospheric electric fields and currents are derived from the calculated potential. Our model can reproduce the main features of the ionospheric electrodynamics processes, so it will be a useful tool for the investigation of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. 相似文献
46.
胡亮臣 《宝鸡文理学院学报(自然科学版)》1996,16(3):64-67
本文对态叠加原理的物理实质进行了讨论。又重点地介绍了态叠加原理在结构化学上三个方面的应用。 相似文献
47.
研究了淬火前不同冷变形量对LY12铝合金挤压小棒组织和性能的影响.结果表明:不同的冷拉拔量对LY12铝合金组织和性能有明显的影响;适当的冷变形量能减少或消除该合金挤压棒材的粗晶环.作者还对粗晶环的形成原因及其消除方法进行了讨论. 相似文献
48.
胡太忠 《中国科学技术大学学报》1993,23(4):375-381
研究了二维正态分布矩形区域概率质量当矩形区域中心沿某特定方向平移时的局部单调性。同时给出了一簇矩形区域,其中任一矩形区域的概率质量对正态分布相关系数的绝对值具有局部单调性。 相似文献
49.
在MIS(Management Information System)的开发中,软件重用是提高开发效率的一条重要途径。本文通过引入对象的表示、变换等,提出了软件重构的概念和方法,它是对软件重用的重要扩充。 相似文献
50.
近年来,随着田径运动技术水平的提高和发展,短跑的技术也有所变化,更加强调摆腿技术的重要性。摆腿的速度、力量、方向、幅度都直接影响着后蹬的效果。只有加强摆腿技术,才能更好地促进后蹬,只有提高蹬、摆的配合效果,才能更快,更好地提高运动成绩。 相似文献