Effects of Si on the stability of retained austenite and temper embrittlement of ultrahigh strength steels

Effects of silicon (Si) content on the stability of retained austenite and temper embrittlement of ultrahigh strength steels were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and other experimental methods. The results show that Si can suppress temper embrittlement, improve temper resistance, and hinder the decomposition of retained austenite. Reversed austenite appears gradually with the increase of Si content during tempering. Si has a significant effect on enhancing carbon (C) partitioning and improving the stability of retained austenite. Si and C atoms are mutually exclusive in lath bainite, while they attract each other in austenite. ?-carbides are found in 1.8wt% Si steel tempered at 250℃, and they get coarsened obviously when tempered at 400℃, leading to temper embrittlement. Not ?-carbides but acicular or lath carbides lead to temper embrittlement in 0.4wt% Si steel, which can be inferred as cementites and composite compounds. Temper embrittlement is closely related to the decomposition of retained austenite and the formation of reversed austenite.     

Habitat-induced reciprocal transformation in the root phenotype of Oriental ginseng is associated with alteration in DNA methylation

Oriental ginseng is an important medicinal plant that grows in 2 major forms or ecotypes, wild and domesticated. Each form differs conspicuously in root phenotype, but can be converted from one type to another by habitat. Here we show that the habitat-induced transformation of ginseng root phenotype was accompanied by alteration in cytosine methylation at a large number of 5′-CCGG-3′ sites detected by the methylation-sensitive polymorphism (MSAP) marker. The collective CG and CHG methylation levels of all 4 landraces of the domesticated form were significantly lower than those of the wild form. Interestingly, artificially transplanted ginseng plants recreated in both directions the methylation levels (at least in CHG) of their natural counterparts. The methylation differences between the 2 ginseng ecotypes were validated at 2 isolated MSAP loci bearing homology to a 5S rRNA gene or a copia retrotransposon. Our results implicate a link between epigenetic variation and habitat-induced phenotypic flexibility in Oriental ginseng.     

Constitutive modeling for unsaturated soils considering gas hardening effect

The influence of gases on unsaturated soils is discussed in the paper.First,the selection of stress state variables is discussed.It is shown that gas pressure as well as generalized effective stress and modified suction are required to construct a constitutive model of an unsaturated soil.The deformation mechanisms of solid,liquid and gas phases in soils are then investigated.It is realized that the deformation of gas phase interacts with the deformations of the other two phases in soils.Gas laws are used to describe the gas behavior.Similar to the other two phases in soil,the change of gas volume can be divided into an elastic part and a plastic part, and the latter part is then introduced to the soil hardening equation to reflect the impact of the gas on the soil.Then,a simple elasto-plastic model considering the gas effect for isotropic states is developed.Finally,the model predictions are given and compared with existing experimental data.A good agreement between them is found.Comparisons of the predictions between our model and Wheeler’s model are also performed.     

缸内直喷汽油机高压涡旋喷油器的油束模型

根据燃油薄膜模型和表面波破碎理论，在KIVA3程序的基础上建立了适合于计算缸内直喷汽油机高压涡旋喷油器油束特性的模型。应用此模型计算出了油束特性的主要参数，包括贯穿度、油束整体和轴向横截面上的索特平均直径等，并研究了高压涡旋喷油器在不同喷射压力和不同背压下的油束外形结构和油束特性参数。计算结果表明，高压涡旋喷油器油束边缘有环涡存在；随着喷射压力的增加燃油薄膜厚度减小，速度和油束贯穿度增加，轴截面索特平均直径减小；随着背压的升高，油束贯穿度减小而整体索特平均直径增加。该油束模型与实验结果吻合良好。     

Structure and magnetic properties of Ni50Mn35In15 thin film

Thin film of Ni50Mn35In15 Heusler alloy was prepared on Mg O(001) substrate by epitaxial growth in an ultra-high vacuum(UHV) chamber by a Pulsed Laser Deposition(PLD) method. The epitaxial growth process was monitored by in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction(RHEED) and the structure of the film was checked by ex situ X-ray diffraction(XRD), which indicates that high quality Ni50Mn35In15 single crystal film with a face-centered-cubic(fcc) structure could be stabilized on Mg O(001). Magnetic property measurement was also conducted at various temperatures by using physical property measurement system(PPMS). A significant exchange bias was observed for Ni50Mn35In15 film,and the strength of the exchange bias field(HEB) increases with the decrease of temperature. Such a behavior can be ascribed to the fact that the interfacial spin interaction between ferromagnetic(FM) and antiferromagnetic(AFM) cluster is enhanced with the decrease of temperature.     

改进插补算法在数控雕刻系统中的应用

根据雕刻机控制系统的设计需求,采用TI公司的32bit定点数字信号处理器TMS320F2812作为下位机控制系统核心处理单元,并与FPGA相结合取代目前市场上主流的单片机与高速运动控制芯片相结合的联机控制.运用模块化设计思想进行了雕刻机控制系统软硬件设计.在轨迹控制中,运用快速数字积分插补算法替代普通数字积分插补算法,使控制器对插补过程的运算效率更高,减小了控制器的运算压力;试验证明了所设计的基于DSP和FPGA的三维雕刻机数控系统方案及数字积分改进算法的可行性和可靠性,雕刻机的加工速率提高了大约20%.     

Predicting the spread of nuclear radiation from the damaged Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant

Japan suffered a M9.0 earthquake and massive tsunami on March 11, 2011, which seriously damaged the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant and caused a nuclear crisis. The spread of nuclear radiation from the power plant through the atmosphere and ocean was predicted with a short-term climate forecasting model and an ocean circulation model under some idealized assumptions. If nuclear matter were leaked in the near-ground layer of 992 hPa, the climate model results show that the nuclear radiation would cover North America 10 days after the initial leakage, with the concentration at the forefront dramatically reduced to 10 millionths of the initial model concentration at the source. The radiation would span Europe in 15 days and cover much of the Northern Hemisphere in 30 days. If the initial leakage was assumed to occur in the layer 5000-m above the ground, the radiation would cover Europe in 10 days and cover much of the Northern Hemisphere in 15 days. Moreover, under the assumption that the nuclear matter leaked in the 10000-m layer, the radiation would affect much of China after 10 days. The ocean circulation model indicates that the nuclear material would be slowly transported northeast of Fukushima and reach 150°E in 50 days, and the nuclear debris in the ocean would be confined to a narrow band. Compared with the spread in the ocean, the area affected by leaked nuclear radiation in the atmosphere would be very large. Atmospheric monitors in North America and Europe will be helpful for estimating the effect in China of any leaked nuclear material.     

基于信息论的盲源信号分离在呼吸信号分离中的应用研究

从混合观测数据向量中恢复出不可直接观测的各个源信号是阵列处理和数据分析的典型问题,独立分量分析是解决这一类问题的新技术.基于信息论算法中主流的Fast ICA算法能够对几组不同的信号进行分离,和其他算法相比有一定优越性,能完整地分离出肌电信号中含有的呼吸信号.     

A small difference in nuclear mass could make a big impact in the cosmos

In a recent paper [1] published in Physical Review Letters, scientists at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, have reported their first results from the Cooler Storage Ring at the Heavy Ion Research Facility, a newly-constructed major scientific facility in Lanzhou, China. As a part of an international collaboration including colleagues from Europe, USA and Japan, they were able to identify in experiments the very     

土岩复合地层中深基坑开挖对邻近管线变形影响分析

为探究土岩复合地层中深基坑开挖对邻近管线变形的影响规律,开展了土岩复合地层中深基坑开挖的现场监测和数值模拟研究.以南京地铁一号线北延工程二桥公园站车站基坑为工程依托,基于现场实测数据进行了管线沉降变形分析,并使用PLAXIS 3D有限元分析软件进行数值模拟,揭示了管线与基坑间距、管线埋深等因素对管线变形的影响规律,并定...