南洞庭湖湿地优势植物重金属含量及富集特征

通过野外调查采样,分析了南洞庭湖湿地8个采样点土壤和优势植物中重金属含量,以及南洞庭湖湿地9种优势植物对Cd、Cu和Sb的吸收及富集特性.结果表明,南洞庭湖湿地土壤中3种重金属元素的平均含量均超出湖南省土壤背景值和全国土壤背景值,土壤受Cd污染最严重.9种优势植物体内Cd、As和Sb的含量较高,具有修复洞庭湖湿地土壤Cd、As和Sb污染的潜力.其中蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)对Cd和Sb表现出显著的富集转移特征,可作为洞庭湖湿地土壤污染修复的备选材料.八棱麻(Boehmeria siamensis)对Sb的富集系数和转运系数均大于1,对重金属有较强耐受性,作为重金属污染的修复植物具有较好的应用前景.     

Genome-wide expression dynamics of a marine virus and host reveal features of co-evolution

Interactions between bacterial hosts and their viruses (phages) lead to reciprocal genome evolution through a dynamic co-evolutionary process. Phage-mediated transfer of host genes--often located in genome islands--has had a major impact on microbial evolution. Furthermore, phage genomes have clearly been shaped by the acquisition of genes from their hosts. Here we investigate whole-genome expression of a host and phage, the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus MED4 and the T7-like cyanophage P-SSP7, during lytic infection, to gain insight into these co-evolutionary processes. Although most of the phage genome was linearly transcribed over the course of infection, four phage-encoded bacterial metabolism genes formed part of the same expression cluster, even though they are physically separated on the genome. These genes--encoding photosystem II D1 (psbA), high-light inducible protein (hli), transaldolase (talC) and ribonucleotide reductase (nrd)--are transcribed together with phage DNA replication genes and seem to make up a functional unit involved in energy and deoxynucleotide production for phage replication in resource-poor oceans. Also unique to this system was the upregulation of numerous genes in the host during infection. These may be host stress response genes and/or genes induced by the phage. Many of these host genes are located in genome islands and have homologues in cyanophage genomes. We hypothesize that phage have evolved to use upregulated host genes, leading to their stable incorporation into phage genomes and their subsequent transfer back to hosts in genome islands. Thus activation of host genes during infection may be directing the co-evolution of gene content in both host and phage genomes.