Imaging of localized electronic states in the quantum Hall regime

The concept of electron localization has long been accepted to be essential to the physics of the quantum Hall effect in a two-dimensional electron gas. The exact quantization of the Hall resistance and the zero of the diagonal resistance over a range of filling factors close to integral are attributed to the localization of electronic states at the Fermi level in the interior of the gas. As the electron density is changed, charging of the individual localized states may occur by single-electron jumps, causing associated oscillations in the local electrostatic potential. Here we search for such a manifestation of localized states in the quantum Hall regime, using a scanning electrometer probe. We observe localized potential signals, at numerous locations, that oscillate with changing electron density. In general, the corresponding spatial patterns are complex, but well-defined objects are often seen which evidently arise from individual localized states. These objects interact, and at times form a lattice-like arrangement.     

Modelle für Reaktionen zwischen organischen und mineralischen Substanzen im Boden

Summary Low molecular siloxanes, silicagel, aluminium oxide, permutite, and perlite were dissolved by ammoniacal catechol solution. Silicagel was also dissolved by othero-diphenols. Low molecular silicon organic ester or complex compounds were crystallised from the reaction products of silicagel with catechol and 2,3-naphthalenediol. On orthoclase an insoluble brown cover was formed. The reaction ofo-diphenols with silicates may be important in soil formation.     

Substantivity and other factors responsible for formazan patterns in dehydrogenase histochemistry

Zusammenfassung Es wurden substantive Eigenschaften verschiedener Mono- und Ditetrazoliumsalze gegenüber Gewebebestandteilen im Schnittpräparat untersucht. Ditetrazole werden im allgemeinen stärker vom Gewebe adsorbiert als Monotetrazole. Ausnahmen bilden Monotetrazole mit polaren Substituenten oder Azobenzol-Resten in 3-Stellung. Ditetrazole mit elektronegativen Gruppen in 2-Stellung werden stark von Lipoprotein-Strukturen adsorbiert und zeigen in Modellexperimenten Substantivität für ungesättigte Lipoide. An verschiedenen Beispielen wird die Bedeutung substantiver Tetrazol-Eigenschaften für die Lokalisation von Dehydrogenaseaktivität im Schnittpräparat dargelegt. Die Lokalisation enzymatisch gebildeten Formazans ist im Falle von substantivem Tetrazol ein Ausdruck für die Adsorption der Farbstoffvorstufe an bestimmte Gewebekomponenten. Im Falle von nichtsubstantivem Monotetrazol besteht die Möglichkeit zur Bestimmung von Orten intrazellulärer Enzymaktivität ohne unspezifische Anfärbung von Gewebsbestandteilen. Die Bedeutung der stark voneinander abweichenden Eigenschaften von in der Histochemie gebräuchlichen Tetrazoliumsalzen für die Darstellung intra-und extramitochondrialer Aktivität wird diskutiert.

---

---

Acknowledgments. We are indebted to ProfessorH. Beyer for the gift of MTT, to Dr.A. M. Seligman for Nitro-BT, to Dr.A. W. Nineham for M and B 1762 A and 1767 and to Dr.G. Glenner for BCT. We are grateful to Dr.G. Popják for assistance in the preparation of cell fractions. One of us (A. G. E. P.) is in receipt of a Grant in Aid from the Medical Research Council.     

Comparative dominant lethal studies with phenylbutazone,thio-TEPA and MMS in the mouse

Zusammenfassung Im Gegensatz zu Thio-TEPA (N, N, N-Triaethylen-thiophosphoramid) und MMS (Methansulfonsäuremethylester) führten i.p. Dosen von Phenylbutazon (50 und 100 mg/kg) bei der Maus, unter Berücksichtigung von post- und prae-implantativen Gestationsstadien, zu keinen genetischen Effekten im Sinne der Induktion von dominanten Letalfaktoren.     

Hypolipidaemic properties of a new tetralin derivative (CIBA 13,437-Su)

Zusammenfassung 2-Methyl-2-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)-phenoxy]-propion-säure (CIBA 13,437-Su)stellt ein oral aktives Tetralin-Derivat dar, welches ausgeprägte Blutlipid-senkende Eigenschaften besitzt. Die hypolipidaemische Wirkung wurde bei mehreren Spezies untersucht und umfasste sowohl Cholesterin wie Glyzeride.     

Organtypische und phasenspezifische Verteilung ungesättigter Lipoide im Schwanz der Larve vonXenopus laevis

Summary Barrollier's method for unsaturated fatty acids (u. f. a.) in paper chromatograms has been adapted for cytochemical detection of u. f. a. in the tails ofXenopus-larvae. A specific pattern in the different organs was found. It was further shown that the content in u. f. a. changes quickly, apparently indicating rapid changes in physiological conditions during growth and regeneration.     

Histidine phosphorylation and phosphoryl group transfer in bacterial chemotaxis

A cascade of protein phosphorylation, initiated by autophosphorylation of the CheA protein, may be important in the signal transduction pathway of bacterial chemotaxis. A proteolytic fragment of CheA cannot autophosphorylate, but can still transfer phosphate to proteins that generate excitation and adaptation signals. The site of CheA phosphorylation is His 48; mutants altered at this position are non-chemotactic. Similar mechanisms of transient protein phosphorylation and phosphoryl group transfer seem to be involved in processing sensory data and in activating specific gene expression.     

Proestrous gonadotropin levels in thyroparathyroidectomized female rats

Summary Intact and TPTx animals showed the expected afternoon increase in serum LH, FSH and prolactin levels. But the afternoon increase in serum LH levels in TPTx rats was less than that observed for intact animals (p<0.01). Neither serum prolactin nor FSH levels were altered by TPTx.The excellent technical and secretarial assistance ofS. Hemelt andD. Landman is gratefully acknowledged.