Endocrine regulation of the bursa copulatrix and receptacle gland ofDanaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)

Summary Significant growth occurs in the bursa copulatrix and receptacle glands of female Monarch butterflies held in summer conditions after adult emergence. Removal of the corpora allata prevents this growth, but normal development occurs if juvenile hormone is injected into females lacking corpora allata.     

Evaluating Forecasts of a Vector of Variables: A German Forecasting Competition

In this paper we explore methodologies appropriate for evaluating a forecasting competition when the participants predict a number of variables that may be related to each other and are judged for a single period. Typically, forecasting competitions are judged on a variable‐by‐variable basis, but a multivariate analysis is required to determine how each competitor performed overall. We use three different multivariate tests to determine an overall winner for a forecasting competition for the German economy across 25 different institutions for a single time period using a vector of eight key economic variables. We find that neglecting the cross‐variable relationships greatly alters the outcome of the forecasting competition. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.