Emission inventories of primary particles and pollutant gases for China

Detailed high-resolution emission inventories of primary particles(PM2.5,BC and OC) and pollutant gases(SO2,NOx,NH3,CO and VOCs) for China in 2007 were constructed on the basis of the latest fuel consumption data,mostly at the county level,and from socio-economic statistics and data on fossil and biomass fuels obtained from government agencies.New emission factors reflecting local features were also used.The calculated emissions were 13.212 Mt PM2.5,1.4 Mt BC,2.946 Mt OC,31.584 Mt SO2,23.248 Mt NOx,16.017 Mt NH3,164.856 Mt CO and 35.464 Mt VOCs.The national and regional emissions were gridded with 0.5°× 0.5° resolution for use in air quality models.Larger emissions were found in eastern and central China than in western China.The emissions estimated here are roughly equal to those obtained in previous studies,but with different contributions from because of seasonal changes in residential heating and biomass combustion.Finally,uncertainties in inventories were analyzed.     

迈克尔逊干涉仪非对称补偿的分析及校准

本文主要对迈克尔逊干涉仪处于非对称补偿状态进行了分析，定量得出补偿镜偏离量与光程差之间的关系，并就如何判断偏离和校准偏离提出了一种方法。     

Restricted allowable generalized quantum gates

An allowable generalized quantum gate (introduced by Long, Liu and Wang) has the form of U = Σ _k=0 ^d−1 c _k U _k , where U _k’s are unitary operators on a Hilbert space H and |Σ _k=0 ^d−1 c _k |⩽1 and |c _k |⩽1 (0⩽k⩽d−1). In this work we consider a kind of AGQGs, called restricted allowable generalized quantum gates (RAGQGs), satisfying 0 < Σ _k=0 ^d−1|c _k |⩽1. Some properties of the set RAGQG(H) of all RAGQGs on H are established. Especially, we prove that the extreme points of RAGQG(H) are exactly unitary operators on H and that B(H)=R ⁺ RAGQG(H).     

Transitional phenomenon of particle dispersion in gas-solid two-phase flows

Without using any turbulent model, direct numerical simulation of a three-dimensional gas-solid two-phase turbulent jet was performed by finite volume method. The effects on dispersion of particles with different Stokes numbers by the transitional behavior of turbulent structures were investigated. To produce high-resolution results and reduce the computation and storage, the fractional-step projection algorithm was used to solve the governing equations of gas phase fluid. The low-storage, three-order Runge-Kutta scheme was used for time integration. The governing equations of particles were solved in the Lagrangian framework. These numerical schemes were validated by the good agreement be-tween the statistical results of flow field and the related experimental data. In the study of particle dis-persion, it was found that the effects on particle dispersion by the spanwise vortex structures were prominent. The new behaviors of particle dispersion were also observed during the evolution of the flow field, i.e. the transitional phenomenon of particle dispersion occurs for the particles with small and intermediate Stokes numbers.     

Pseudo-particle modeling for gas flow in microchannels

The velocity profiles and temperature distributions of gas flow in microchannels, for Knudsen numbers ranging from 0.01 to 0.20, are investigated with pseudo-particle modeling (PPM). It has been found that the velocity profiles are mainly affected by Knudsen number and the external force fields applied. When Knudsen number was increased, the slip velocities on the walls increased at the beginning, and then decreased. The temperature distributions were also significantly affected by the external force. The Darcy friction factor increased with increasing Knudsen number, and its variation with Mach number under increased Knudsen number was similar to the so-called premature laminar-turbulent transition observed in experiments.     

One-way quantum identity authentication based on public key

Based on public key, a quantum identity authenticated （QIA） system is proposed without quantum entanglement. The public key acts as the authentication key of a user. Following the idea of the classical public key infrastructure （PKI）, a trusted center of authentication （CA） is involved. The user selects a public key randomly and CA generates a private key for the user according to his public key. When it is necessary to perform QIA, the user sends a sequence of single photons encoded with its private key and a message to CA. According to the corresponding secret key kept by CA, CA performs the unitary operations on the single photon sequence. At last, the receiver can judge whether the user is an impersonator.     

Three-dimensional crustal velocity structure of P-wave in East China from wide-angle reflection and refraction surveys

The 3-D crustal structure of P-wave velocity in East China is studied based on the data obtained by wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction surveys.The results suggest that a deep Moho disconti-nuity exists in the western zone of the study region,being 35―48 thick.High-velocity structure zones exist in the upper crust shallower than 20 km beneath the Sulu and Dabie regions.The cause of high-velocity zones is attributable to high-pressure metamorphic(HPM) and ultra-high-pressure metamorphic(UHPM) terran...     

Kinetic modeling of dilute solid-liquid two-phase flows with inelastic collisions

A kinetic model was presented for dilute solid-liquid two-phase flows with inelastic collisions by modeling the inelastic collisions with the revised BGK model （Santos and Astillero, 2005） and particle turbulence interactions with the Fokker-Planck operator. The formulated model kinetic equation was solved with the Chapman-Enskog method and the obtained approximate solution was further adopted to derive the constitutive relationships for the conservation equations of the particle phase. The new constitutive relationships would be suitable for the study on dilute solid-liquid two-phase flows such as sediment-laden flows in open channels or rivers.     

Influence of contaminations on combustion kinetics in hydrogen-fueled engine

In this work, we investigate the combustion of hydrogen fuel through the wind tunnel tests. Two kinds of fuel, the pure hydrogen and the hydrogen-ethene mixture, have been chosen to heat the oxygen-enriched air. It is found that the stable pressure in the engine combustor and the thrusts is almost the same in two cases. A valuable feature we revealed is that the heating pattern of hydrogen and ethene mixture leads to a considerable delay of the establishment of the wall pressure in the combustor, compared with the pure hydrogen case. This phenomenon implies a longer ignition delay time for the mixture case. The shorter ignition delay resulting from the hydrogen heater is attributed to the continuity of chain propagation and the exclusion of the less active C-containing radicals.     

Genetic analysis and gene mapping of a dominant presenescing leaf gene <Emphasis Type="Italic">PSL3</Emphasis> in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Leaf senescence as an active process is essential for plant survival and reproduction. However, premature senility is harmful to agricultural production. In this study, a rice mutant, named as psl3 (presescing leaf 3) isolated from EMS-treated Jinhui 10, displays obvious premature senility features both in morphological and physiological level. Genetic analysis showed that mutant trait was controlled by a single dominant gene (PSL3), which was located on rice chromosome 7 between SSR marker c7sr1 and InDel marker ID10 with an interval of 53.5 kb. The result may be useful for the isolation of the PSL3 gene.