热辐射在倾斜通道热流场的作用

针对热辐射是通道内热流场的重要影响因素之一,采用实验和数值计算方法对倾斜角度为10°、20°和30°的两端开口通道内热流场进行了研究。使用基于大涡模拟(LES)求解浮力驱动N S方程的数值模拟方法求得的模拟结果和实验值吻合较好。通过使用耦合热辐射模型的数值计算结果和忽略热辐射的数值计算结果分别与实验结果进行对比分析的方法发现,在热源一定的条件下,对于倾斜角度在10°～30°之间的通道,热辐射使通道上部高温区域的温度降低,随着倾斜角度的增大,热辐射对通道低端开口上壁面附近的影响作用减弱,而倾斜角度对于热辐射在通道高端开口上壁面附近的作用则影响不大,同时,在通道倾斜角度为30°时,热辐射使通道内高温区域向高端开口方向倾斜,并使通道高端的下部温度升高。整个实验和计算结果可为倾斜通道内热流场的理论研究提供参考依据。     

基于PLC和TD400C的建筑玻璃真空镀膜生产线电气系统控制

介绍了利用S7-200 CPU226和TD400C文本显示器友好人机界面构成真空镀膜生产线控制系统的组成、特点,程序编制及在应用中注意的问题.实现了建筑玻璃真空镀膜生产过程的自动化.     

曹妃甸海域磷酸盐容量控制

首先,建立曹妃甸海域潮流和污染物输运数学模型,并用实测资料对模型进行验证;然后,应用验证好的数学模型,计算六种典型水文条件(洪季大、中、小潮,枯季大、中、小潮)下该海域8个河流排污口和曹妃甸围填区混合区半径上的磷酸盐浓度,并与功能区要求的水质标准进行比较分析;最后,计算出磷酸盐的允许排放量和削减率.结果表明:磷酸盐超标的枯季为陡河和沙河,洪季为双龙河和围填区,应加强对这些河流相应季节磷酸盐排放量的控制.     

基于多任务委托代理的高校协作激励机制设计

通过建立多任务委托-代理模型,研究同时考虑提高科研和教学这两大任务的政府和强校之间的激励机制设计问题.通过对两个任务之间在独立、替代和互补三种关系下激励问题的研究,得到如下结论:当两任务的努力成本之间为互补关系时,通过对科研的激励可以同时提高教学水平;若两者为替代关系,则提高对科研的激励水平将促使高校只注重科研而忽视教学,弱化激励效率.通过弱化对教学和科研的激励差别,可以促使强校将精力在多项任务中进行合理分配.最后通过设计基于主观评价和监督的激励机制,将两者之间的替代关系转化为互补关系,从而解决激励效能弱化的问题.     

Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world's most important non-grain food crop and is central to global food security. It is clonally propagated, highly heterozygous, autotetraploid, and suffers acute inbreeding depression. Here we use a homozygous doubled-monoploid potato clone to sequence and assemble 86% of the 844-megabase genome. We predict 39,031 protein-coding genes and present evidence for at least two genome duplication events indicative of a palaeopolyploid origin. As the first genome sequence of an asterid, the potato genome reveals 2,642 genes specific to this large angiosperm clade. We also sequenced a heterozygous diploid clone and show that gene presence/absence variants and other potentially deleterious mutations occur frequently and are a likely cause of inbreeding depression. Gene family expansion, tissue-specific expression and recruitment of genes to new pathways contributed to the evolution of tuber development. The potato genome sequence provides a platform for genetic improvement of this vital crop.     

江苏如东近海绿潮藻分子检测与类群演替分析

2007 年以来, 中国青岛、连云港、如东等黄海沿海连续4 年爆发绿潮现象, 尤其2008 年青岛爆发了世界最大规模绿潮, 造成了严重的生态危害. 2009 年, 我们对江苏省如东海域绿潮藻进行了调查和监测, 选取紫菜养殖架和防波堤坝上的11 个固着样品以及海区15 个漂浮样品, 对其ITS及5.8S rDNA 和叶绿体rbcL 基因序列进行了分子系统发育和类群演替分析. 结果显示, 如东沿岸堤坝和紫菜养殖筏架具有大量固着生长的浒苔类绿潮藻, 其海区漂浮绿潮藻团出现时间也最早,并逐渐北移; ITS 序列分析将如东样品聚为5 个类群, 即Ulva compressa 类群(6 个样品)、Ulva linza-procera-prolifera (LPP)复合体类群(12 个样品)、Ulva flexuosa 类群(3 个样品)、Blidingia sp.类群(3 个样品)以及Urospora spp.类群(2 个样品), 而rbcL 序列较为保守, 26 个样品只聚为4 个类群.DNA 序列分析表明, 如东海区漂浮与固着绿潮藻类群构成相同, 亲缘关系较近, 漂浮绿潮藻优势类群先后出现次序为: U. compressa, U. flexuosa 及LPP, 最终漂浮种与2008 年黄海绿潮优势种的ITS 序列完全相同. 本研究为今后黄海绿潮溯源及其预测防控奠定了重要基础.     

Interferon-γ links ultraviolet radiation to melanomagenesis in mice

Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive and frequently chemoresistant cancer, the incidence of which continues to rise. Epidemiological studies show that the major aetiological melanoma risk factor is ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation, with the highest risk associated with intermittent burning doses, especially during childhood. We have experimentally validated these epidemiological findings using the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor transgenic mouse model, which develops lesions in stages highly reminiscent of human melanoma with respect to biological, genetic and aetiological criteria, but only when irradiated as neonatal pups with UVB, not UVA. However, the mechanisms underlying UVB-initiated, neonatal-specific melanomagenesis remain largely unknown. Here we introduce a mouse model permitting fluorescence-aided melanocyte imaging and isolation following in vivo UV irradiation. We use expression profiling to show that activated neonatal skin melanocytes isolated following a melanomagenic UVB dose bear a distinct, persistent interferon response signature, including genes associated with immunoevasion. UVB-induced melanocyte activation, characterized by aberrant growth and migration, was abolished by antibody-mediated systemic blockade of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), but not type-I interferons. IFN-γ was produced by macrophages recruited to neonatal skin by UVB-induced ligands to the chemokine receptor Ccr2. Admixed recruited skin macrophages enhanced transplanted melanoma growth by inhibiting apoptosis; notably, IFN-γ blockade abolished macrophage-enhanced melanoma growth and survival. IFN-γ-producing macrophages were also identified in 70% of human melanomas examined. Our data reveal an unanticipated role for IFN-γ in promoting melanocytic cell survival/immunoevasion, identifying a novel candidate therapeutic target for a subset of melanoma patients.     

Gravity modes as a way to distinguish between hydrogen- and helium-burning red giant stars

Red giants are evolved stars that have exhausted the supply of hydrogen in their cores and instead burn hydrogen in a surrounding shell. Once a red giant is sufficiently evolved, the helium in the core also undergoes fusion. Outstanding issues in our understanding of red giants include uncertainties in the amount of mass lost at the surface before helium ignition and the amount of internal mixing from rotation and other processes. Progress is hampered by our inability to distinguish between red giants burning helium in the core and those still only burning hydrogen in a shell. Asteroseismology offers a way forward, being a powerful tool for probing the internal structures of stars using their natural oscillation frequencies. Here we report observations of gravity-mode period spacings in red giants that permit a distinction between evolutionary stages to be made. We use high-precision photometry obtained by the Kepler spacecraft over more than a year to measure oscillations in several hundred red giants. We find many stars whose dipole modes show sequences with approximately regular period spacings. These stars fall into two clear groups, allowing us to distinguish unambiguously between hydrogen-shell-burning stars (period spacing mostly ～ 50 seconds) and those that are also burning helium (period spacing ～ 100 to 300 seconds).