非奇异快速终端滑模控制

现有的非奇异终端滑模控制方法和非奇异快速终端滑模控制方法都存在收敛速度缓慢以及“收敛停滞”等问题,针对这些问题提出了一种改进方法。在保证控制器非奇异的条件下将原滑模面中指数项设计参数由分数扩展到正实数域,既提高了收敛速度又扩大了参数选择的灵活性;引入快速终端趋近律,将原来的线性或指数渐近趋近改进为快速终端趋近,提高了系统状态的趋近速度;对“收敛停滞”问题产生的原因进行分析,提出了设计参数所应满足的条件。最后对某无人平台进行航向跟踪数值仿真,仿真结果验证了改进方法的有效性。     

DELLA基因家族在被子植物中的系统演化关系

基于被子植物各主要分支代表类群的DELLA氨基酸序列，开展它们在被子植物中演化关系的系统发育分析.DELLA基因家族在双子叶植物早期演化阶段经历了一次复制事件，形成2大分支，每支都包含相应的蔷薇类和菊类；单子叶植物没有经历早期的复制事件，所有的DELLA基因聚在一起形成单一的支系.另外，证实了在被子植物的双子叶植物中存在第3个DELLA基因支系.     

基于改进滤波器和图像多尺度变换的背景抑制算法

红外目标的探测背景具有复杂性和非平稳性,为提高后续检测性能,常常通过抑制背景来增强目标能量。针对传统背景抑制方法检测率低、虚警率高的问题,提出一种基于改进滤波器和图像多尺度变换的复杂背景抑制算法。首先,对红外图像进行改进的滤波处理获得预处理图像。其次,通过高斯金字塔多分辨技术,平滑图像背景。然后,采用Cubic插值算法提高图像的分辨率,得到背景估计图像。最后,将预处理图像和背景估计图像差分,获得背景抑制的结果。经验证,该算法实时性相对传统方法提高了19%,对于多种复杂的背景情况具有良好的适应性。同时，算法计算复杂度较低,有利于实现实时性工程应用。     

基于改进Sobel算法的焊缝X射线图像气孔识别方法

提出一种具有自适应能力的焊缝X射线图像气孔检测方法.通过局部动态阈值分割法设计了多方向的焊缝X射线图像模板,采用Sobel算法对复杂背景下的焊缝进行边缘检测和区域标记,并在标记区域对原始图像x和y方向的灰度梯度进行分析,以增强小气孔和粘连气孔的识别能力.检测应用效果表明,所提出的方法具有良好的自适应能力且准确快速,能够有效地克服人工评片中产生的漏判与误判等缺点,并且能够存储和查询检测数据.     

由“气韵生动”谈审美活动的符号化显现

审美活动的抽象性特质集中体现在其特殊的形式化特征的显现上。而作为形式化内涵的载体，“符号”的特殊地位就愈发凸显出来。“气韵生动”，这个诞生于我国传统绘画技法当中的审美标尺，就是形式之美的高级实现表述，其可指的对象早已超出绘画的范畴。关于其自身信息传递方式及与我们主体融合对话所呈现出的审美体验的探究，具有非常重要的意义。     

基于霍尔三维模型的雾霾治理对策研究

运用霍尔三维结构的基本理论,构建雾霾治理对策的三维结构模型。从时间维、逻辑维和知识维对雾霾的治理对策进行划分,构建"三元主体"模型,探讨政府、企业和个人三大主体在雾霾治理各个阶段中的相互作用,对推动雾霾治理研究具有重要的指导作用。     

基于无速度传感器的直接转矩控制系统优化

针对传统异步电机直接转矩控制系统在低速运行状态下存在磁链轨迹发生波动、转矩脉动大的问题,提出一种新型异步电机直接转矩控制策略。采用滑模控制和空间矢量脉宽调制技术(SVPWM: Space Voltage Pwlse-Width Modulation), 引入滑模控制器, 以提高系统对参数变化和外界干扰的鲁棒性。利用空间电压矢量脉宽调制技术产生系统所需要的任意期望空间电压矢量, 使磁链轨迹更趋近于圆形, 即降低了转矩和磁链脉动,又增强了系统的鲁棒性。同时引入无速度传感器技术, 以提高系统工程应用性。通过在Matlab/ Simulink软件仿真结果表明, 新型直接转矩控制系统改善了磁链轨迹波动并有效地降低了转矩脉动, 使转速估计具有较高精度。     

Silicon in the Earth's core

Small isotopic differences between the silicate minerals in planets may have developed as a result of processes associated with core formation, or from evaporative losses during accretion as the planets were built up. Basalts from the Earth and the Moon do indeed appear to have iron isotopic compositions that are slightly heavy relative to those from Mars, Vesta and primitive undifferentiated meteorites (chondrites). Explanations for these differences have included evaporation during the 'giant impact' that created the Moon (when a Mars-sized body collided with the young Earth). However, lithium and magnesium, lighter elements with comparable volatility, reveal no such differences, rendering evaporation unlikely as an explanation. Here we show that the silicon isotopic compositions of basaltic rocks from the Earth and the Moon are also distinctly heavy. A likely cause is that silicon is one of the light elements in the Earth's core. We show that both the direction and magnitude of the silicon isotopic effect are in accord with current theory based on the stiffness of bonding in metal and silicate. The similar isotopic composition of the bulk silicate Earth and the Moon is consistent with the recent proposal that there was large-scale isotopic equilibration during the giant impact. We conclude that Si was already incorporated as a light element in the Earth's core before the Moon formed.     

Sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer

Evolutionary theory predicts the depletion of genetic variation in natural populations as a result of the effects of selection, but genetic variation is nevertheless abundant for many traits that are under directional or stabilizing selection. Evolutionary geneticists commonly try to explain this paradox with mechanisms that lead to a balance between mutation and selection. However, theoretical predictions of equilibrium genetic variance under mutation-selection balance are usually lower than the observed values, and the reason for this is unknown. The potential role of sexually antagonistic selection in maintaining genetic variation has received little attention in this debate, surprisingly given its potential ubiquity in dioecious organisms. At fitness-related loci, a given genotype may be selected in opposite directions in the two sexes. Such sexually antagonistic selection will reduce the otherwise-expected positive genetic correlation between male and female fitness. Both theory and experimental data suggest that males and females of the same species may have divergent genetic optima, but supporting data from wild populations are still scarce. Here we present evidence for sexually antagonistic fitness variation in a natural population, using data from a long-term study of red deer (Cervus elaphus). We show that male red deer with relatively high fitness fathered, on average, daughters with relatively low fitness. This was due to a negative genetic correlation between estimates of fitness in males and females. In particular, we show that selection favours males that carry low breeding values for female fitness. Our results demonstrate that sexually antagonistic selection can lead to a trade-off between the optimal genotypes for males and females; this mechanism will have profound effects on the operation of selection and the maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations.