全文获取类型
收费全文 | 16876篇 |
免费 | 39篇 |
国内免费 | 75篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 53篇 |
丛书文集 | 173篇 |
教育与普及 | 67篇 |
理论与方法论 | 49篇 |
现状及发展 | 7644篇 |
研究方法 | 660篇 |
综合类 | 8186篇 |
自然研究 | 158篇 |
出版年
2012年 | 197篇 |
2011年 | 334篇 |
2009年 | 99篇 |
2008年 | 262篇 |
2007年 | 288篇 |
2006年 | 265篇 |
2005年 | 282篇 |
2004年 | 323篇 |
2003年 | 288篇 |
2002年 | 280篇 |
2001年 | 467篇 |
2000年 | 491篇 |
1999年 | 337篇 |
1994年 | 304篇 |
1992年 | 268篇 |
1991年 | 223篇 |
1990年 | 278篇 |
1989年 | 252篇 |
1988年 | 260篇 |
1987年 | 282篇 |
1986年 | 290篇 |
1985年 | 338篇 |
1984年 | 233篇 |
1983年 | 257篇 |
1982年 | 212篇 |
1981年 | 204篇 |
1980年 | 245篇 |
1979年 | 508篇 |
1978年 | 434篇 |
1977年 | 390篇 |
1976年 | 314篇 |
1975年 | 386篇 |
1974年 | 476篇 |
1973年 | 422篇 |
1972年 | 432篇 |
1971年 | 562篇 |
1970年 | 608篇 |
1969年 | 531篇 |
1968年 | 532篇 |
1967年 | 459篇 |
1966年 | 408篇 |
1965年 | 294篇 |
1964年 | 128篇 |
1959年 | 166篇 |
1958年 | 322篇 |
1957年 | 253篇 |
1956年 | 202篇 |
1955年 | 200篇 |
1954年 | 193篇 |
1948年 | 167篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
851.
Colloids display intriguing transitions between gas, liquid, solid and liquid crystalline phases. Such phase transitions are ubiquitous in nature and have been studied for decades. However, the predictions of phase diagrams are not always realized; systems often become undercooled, supersaturated, or trapped in gel-like states. In many cases the end products strongly depend on the starting position in the phase diagram and discrepancies between predictions and actual observations are due to the intricacies of the dynamics of phase transitions. Colloid science aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of these transitions. Important advances have been made, for example, with new imaging techniques that allow direct observation of individual colloidal particles undergoing phase transitions, revealing some of the secrets of the complex pathways involved. 相似文献
852.
Stem cells: cell fusion causes confusion 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
853.
Spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry in the pseudogap state of a high-Tc superconductor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kaminski A Rosenkranz S Fretwell HM Campuzano JC Li Z Raffy H Cullen WG You H Olson CG Varma CM Höchst H 《Nature》2002,416(6881):610-613
A change in 'symmetry' is often observed when matter undergoes a phase transition-the symmetry is said to be spontaneously broken. The transition made by underdoped high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors is unusual, in that it is not a mean-field transition as seen in other superconductors. Rather, there is a region in the phase diagram above the superconducting transition temperature Tc (where phase coherence and superconductivity begin) but below a characteristic temperature T* where a 'pseudogap' appears in the spectrum of electronic excitations. It is therefore important to establish if T* is just a cross-over temperature arising from fluctuations in the order parameter that will establish superconductivity at Tc (refs 3, 4), or if it marks a phase transition where symmetry is spontaneously broken. Here we report that, for a material in the pseudogap state, left-circularly polarized photons give a different photocurrent from right-circularly polarized photons. This shows that time-reversal symmetry is spontaneously broken below T*, which therefore corresponds to a phase transition. 相似文献
854.
Peterson AT Ortega-Huerta MA Bartley J Sánchez-Cordero V Soberón J Buddemeier RH Stockwell DR 《Nature》2002,416(6881):626-629
Global climates are changing rapidly, with unexpected consequences. Because elements of biodiversity respond intimately to climate as an important driving force of distributional limitation, distributional shifts and biodiversity losses are expected. Nevertheless, in spite of modelling efforts focused on single species or entire ecosystems, a few preliminary surveys of fauna-wide effects, and evidence of climate change-mediated shifts in several species, the likely effects of climate change on species' distributions remain little known, and fauna-wide or community-level effects are almost completely unexplored. Here, using a genetic algorithm and museum specimen occurrence data, we develop ecological niche models for 1,870 species occurring in Mexico and project them onto two climate surfaces modelled for 2055. Although extinctions and drastic range reductions are predicted to be relatively few, species turnover in some local communities is predicted to be high (>40% of species), suggesting that severe ecological perturbations may result. 相似文献
855.
Bentley SD Chater KF Cerdeño-Tárraga AM Challis GL Thomson NR James KD Harris DE Quail MA Kieser H Harper D Bateman A Brown S Chandra G Chen CW Collins M Cronin A Fraser A Goble A Hidalgo J Hornsby T Howarth S Huang CH Kieser T Larke L Murphy L Oliver K O'Neil S Rabbinowitsch E Rajandream MA Rutherford K Rutter S Seeger K Saunders D Sharp S Squares R Squares S Taylor K Warren T Wietzorrek A Woodward J Barrell BG Parkhill J Hopwood DA 《Nature》2002,417(6885):141-147
Streptomyces coelicolor is a representative of the group of soil-dwelling, filamentous bacteria responsible for producing most natural antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine. Here we report the 8,667,507 base pair linear chromosome of this organism, containing the largest number of genes so far discovered in a bacterium. The 7,825 predicted genes include more than 20 clusters coding for known or predicted secondary metabolites. The genome contains an unprecedented proportion of regulatory genes, predominantly those likely to be involved in responses to external stimuli and stresses, and many duplicated gene sets that may represent 'tissue-specific' isoforms operating in different phases of colonial development, a unique situation for a bacterium. An ancient synteny was revealed between the central 'core' of the chromosome and the whole chromosome of pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The genome sequence will greatly increase our understanding of microbial life in the soil as well as aiding the generation of new drug candidates by genetic engineering. 相似文献
856.
Particle physicists see neutrons as tiny massive particles with a confinement radius of about 0.7 fm and a distinct internal quark gluon structure. In quantum mechanics, neutrons are described by wave packets whose spatial extent may become ten orders of magnitude larger than the confinement radius, and can even reach macroscopic dimensions, depending on the degree of monochromaticity. For neutrons passing through narrow slits, it has been predicted that quantization of the transverse momentum component changes the longitudinal momentum component, resulting in a phase shift that should be measurable using interferometric methods. Here we use neutron interferometry to measure the phase shift arising from lateral confinement of a neutron beam passing through a narrow slit system. The phase shift arises mainly from neutrons whose classical trajectories do not touch the walls of the slits. In this respect, the non-locality of quantum physics is apparent. 相似文献
857.
Biodiversity as a barrier to ecological invasion 总被引:69,自引:0,他引:69
Biological invasions are a pervasive and costly environmental problem that has been the focus of intense management and research activities over the past half century. Yet accurate predictions of community susceptibility to invasion remain elusive. The diversity resistance hypothesis, which argues that diverse communities are highly competitive and readily resist invasion, is supported by both theory and experimental studies conducted at small spatial scales. However, there is also convincing evidence that the relationship between the diversity of native and invading species is positive when measured at regional scales. Although this latter relationship may arise from extrinsic factors, such as resource heterogeneity, that covary with diversity of native and invading species at large scales, the mechanisms conferring greater invasion resistance to diverse communities at local scales remain unknown. Using neighbourhood analyses, a technique from plant competition studies, we show here that species diversity in small experimental grassland plots enhances invasion resistance by increasing crowding and species richness in localized plant neighbourhoods. Both the establishment (number of invaders) and success (proportion of invaders that are large) of invading plants are reduced. These results suggest that local biodiversity represents an important line of defence against the spread of invaders. 相似文献
858.
859.
Nonlinear grassland responses to past and future atmospheric CO(2) 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Carbon sequestration in soil organic matter may moderate increases in atmospheric CO(2) concentrations (C(a)) as C(a) increases to more than 500 micromol mol(-1) this century from interglacial levels of less than 200 micromol mol(-1) (refs 1 6). However, such carbon storage depends on feedbacks between plant responses to C(a) and nutrient availability. Here we present evidence that soil carbon storage and nitrogen cycling in a grassland ecosystem are much more responsive to increases in past C(a) than to those forecast for the coming century. Along a continuous gradient of 200 to 550 micromol mol(-1) (refs 9, 10), increased C(a) promoted higher photosynthetic rates and altered plant tissue chemistry. Soil carbon was lost at subambient C(a), but was unchanged at elevated C(a) where losses of old soil carbon offset increases in new carbon. Along the experimental gradient in C(a) there was a nonlinear, threefold decrease in nitrogen availability. The differences in sensitivity of carbon storage to historical and future C(a) and increased nutrient limitation suggest that the passive sequestration of carbon in soils may have been important historically, but the ability of soils to continue as sinks is limited. 相似文献
860.