大河三角洲营养盐研究进展与启示——以阿斯旺建坝前后的尼罗河为例

详细梳理了埃及阿斯旺建坝后尼罗河三角洲和近海营养盐研究成果,重点剖析了营养盐来源、分布规律和对渔业产生的生态效应.研究表明:在阿斯旺建坝初期,由于下泄营养盐减少,泻湖和近海的产鱼量明显降低;随着三角洲地区化学肥料的大量施用,产鱼量逐渐恢复,甚至高于建坝前,但是一些湖泊也出现了营养盐输入过高制约产鱼量的现象.埃及近海由于N、P输入增加,导致了部分水体出现磷限制,进而抑制初级生产力.针对我国三峡建坝、营养盐输送与长江河口生态环境响应,提出一些设想和今后应关注的研究方向.     

梯级泵站输水系统优化运行及控制综述

综述国内外梯级泵站输水系统的研究现状,指出研究中存在的宏观优化运行与微观控制脱节等问题。对梯级泵站输水系统实际运行中面临的复杂性和动态性难题进行解析,将梯级泵站输水系统优化分解为优化运行和动态控制两个相互关联的部分,初步提出梯级泵站输水系统优化运行及控制理论体系。对该领域未来研究方向进行分析和展望:智能控制算法和先进的水力控制方法将逐步应用于梯级泵站优化运行及控制领域,开发优化运行及控制仿真系统是实现理论成果应用的关键,随着水资源调度工程运行实践的深入开展,该研究具有较强的理论和实践意义。     

基于三维元胞自动机的垃圾焚烧烟气扩散模拟

利用三维元胞自动机模型对垃圾焚烧中烟气的扩散进行模拟,首先确定元胞空间及其状态,考虑风向、风速、降雨以及湍流的影响,建立了烟气扩散规则,然后根据此规则通过中心元胞周围10个邻居来确定下一元胞状态,由此实现了基于三维元胞自动机的对烟气扩散的建模,最后利用该模型对垃圾焚烧厂周围环境状况进行了动态模拟,实现了对烟气污染的实时监控.     

Calcineurin/NFAT signalling regulates pancreatic beta-cell growth and function

The growth and function of organs such as pancreatic islets adapt to meet physiological challenges and maintain metabolic balance, but the mechanisms controlling these facultative responses are unclear. Diabetes in patients treated with calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporin A indicates that calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signalling might control adaptive islet responses, but the roles of this pathway in beta-cells in vivo are not understood. Here we show that mice with a beta-cell-specific deletion of the calcineurin phosphatase regulatory subunit, calcineurin b1 (Cnb1), develop age-dependent diabetes characterized by decreased beta-cell proliferation and mass, reduced pancreatic insulin content and hypoinsulinaemia. Moreover, beta-cells lacking Cnb1 have a reduced expression of established regulators of beta-cell proliferation. Conditional expression of active NFATc1 in Cnb1-deficient beta-cells rescues these defects and prevents diabetes. In normal adult beta-cells, conditional NFAT activation promotes the expression of cell-cycle regulators and increases beta-cell proliferation and mass, resulting in hyperinsulinaemia. Conditional NFAT activation also induces the expression of genes critical for beta-cell endocrine function, including all six genes mutated in hereditary forms of monogenic type 2 diabetes. Thus, calcineurin/NFAT signalling regulates multiple factors that control growth and hallmark beta-cell functions, revealing unique models for the pathogenesis and therapy of diabetes.     

甲基取代不同类型碳原子上的氢原子所表现出的诱导效应强度

通过13CNMR测定的碳原子化学位移,计算不同类型碳原子上的氢原子被甲基取代后,该碳原子化学位移的变化值Δδ,Δδ多在-(9.0±3.0)之间,证实甲基相对于氢原子,是一个具有吸电子诱导效应的基团,吸电子诱导效应强度随碳原子类型的不同而略有不同.     

任务无准备时间最小化加权最大延误单机调度问题的若干结果

研究任务无准备时间最小化加权最大延误的单机调度问题,给出逆向最小带权延误排序法并证明其最优性.随后,引入延误差函数概念,借助它给出简化的基于延误差函数的排序算法.特别地,对于工期相同的情形,给出更简便的权值关于期限正态分布算法.最后,借助实例说明了上述算法的应用.     

TMP21 is a presenilin complex component that modulates gamma-secretase but not epsilon-secretase activity

The presenilin proteins (PS1 and PS2) and their interacting partners nicastrin, aph-1 (refs 4, 5) and pen-2 (ref. 5) form a series of high-molecular-mass, membrane-bound protein complexes that are necessary for gamma-secretase and epsilon-secretase cleavage of selected type 1 transmembrane proteins, including the amyloid precursor protein, Notch and cadherins. Modest cleavage activity can be generated by reconstituting these four proteins in yeast and Spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells. However, a critical but unanswered question about the biology of the presenilin complexes is how their activity is modulated in terms of substrate specificity and/or relative activities at the gamma and epsilon sites. A corollary to this question is whether additional proteins in the presenilin complexes might subsume these putative regulatory functions. The hypothesis that additional proteins might exist in the presenilin complexes is supported by the fact that enzymatically active complexes have a mass that is much greater than predicted for a 1:1:1:1 stoichiometric complex (at least 650 kDa observed, compared with about 220 kDa predicted). To address these questions we undertook a search for presenilin-interacting proteins that differentially affected gamma- and epsilon-site cleavage events. Here we report that TMP21, a member of the p24 cargo protein family, is a component of presenilin complexes and differentially regulates gamma-secretase cleavage without affecting epsilon-secretase activity.     

黄土塬斜坡带地震波激发数值模拟与波场特征

黄土塬斜坡带的地震资料品质最差,研究程度极低。采用先进的交错网格、谱元法和高阶有限差分波场模拟算法,对斜坡带地震波激发进行了数值模拟,准确地反映了地震波场特征,从理论上优选出地震波激发参数。经试验提出一套超多井组合地震波激发技术,取得了高精度的三维地震资料。     

新疆天山成矿带沉积磷矿床地质及地球化学研究

采用对不同聚磷区含磷岩系剖面进行对比,并对不同类型矿石分别采样进行地球化学测试,系统研究了天山成矿带内的沉积磷矿,将该区含磷岩系划分为碎屑含磷岩系、黑色含磷岩系以及火山-硅质含磷岩系。根据研究区含磷岩系特征,划分出碎屑岩型、黑色碳质岩型和火山-硅质岩型,并分别对3种类型磷矿的地球化学特征进行了研究。碎屑岩型磷矿以MgO含量明显偏低,Ba含量偏高,伴生Yb、La为特点;黑色碳质岩型磷矿以含V、U为特点;火山-硅质岩型磷矿Ba含量则明显偏低,Eu基本无异常,Ce亏损明显,以伴生Mo、Ni为特征。最后,根据成矿条件划分出乌什—柯坪、库鲁克塔格、科古琴和平台山—方山口4个远景聚磷区。