Protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China

Wetlands have the most abundant biodiversity,the highest carbon sequestration capacity,and the highest values for ecological services per unit area,of all the world’s ecosystems.Practice has shown that establishing reserves is the most effective way of protecting typical ecosystems and their biodiversity,and saving rare or endangered wildlife.The Chinese government’s policy is to protect wetland systems by establishing reserves that encompass a massive network of wetlands,including wetland nature re-serves,internationally important wetlands,and wetland parks.Many are already established.The effect of protecting wetland nature reserves at the national level has not yet been reported.We used the latest database evaluating the protection value of wet-land reserves,and remotely sensed wetland maps(1978-2008) ,developed by the same mapping specialists and based on the same classification system,and related environmental data,to evaluate the effects of protecting China’s national wetland reserves over the last 30 years.We conclude that(i) the total area of wetland in the national wetland reserves has decreased over the last 30 years to 8152.47 km2,and just 8% of China’s net decrease in wetlands;(ii) about 79% of the 91 national wetland reserves are in a poor condition.These are generally located around the Yangtze River,Eastern Coast,the Three Rivers Source,and Southwest China.Protection measures should be undertaken urgently in these areas.Only 15% of national wetland reserves are under sound protection,and these are generally located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River;(iii) although 88% of national wetland re-serves are primitive(relatively natural) ,implying that the site selection has been scientific,a high percentage of national wetland reserves show early warning signs of decline and require urgent attention;(iv) based on our evaluation of protection effects and pressures on ecology,we have made a priority list of national wetland reserves,and propose several protection strategies.     

生产资金约束供应链的最优融资和生产决策

在供应商生产资金约束的供应链中,考虑了两种融资方式:一是零售商享有批发价折扣下进行提前支付融资;二是零售商提供信贷担保下,银行提供借贷融资.基于这两种融资方式,建立了供应商的最优融资和生产决策模型,分析了融资对供应链系统产生的价值.研究表明,两种融资方式都可为资金约束供应链创造融资价值.当银行给定贷款利率时,零供双方只有商定合适的批发价折扣率,提前支付才比银行融资更具优势,且相对供应商而言,融资将给零售商带来更多的利润.     

等精度测频仪的低成本微控制器实现

在叙述等精度测频原理及误差分析的基础上,阐述低成本微控制器(MCU)的硬件设计和软件设计,用低成本MCU实现的等精度测频仪的精度高,成本低,可靠性高,使用方便,具有实用价值和生产意义.     

PAN分子环化行为对纤维结构及性能的影响

预氧化阶段是链状聚丙烯腈(PAN)分子演变为耐热梯型结构的过程。文中借助IR,X ray及纤维应力形变关系初步探索了PAN纤维预氧化过程中晶区和非晶区分子的环化行为对纤维结构及性能的影响规律。结果表明,PAN纤维在预氧化初期的环化反应主要发生在纤维的非晶区,中后期反应则在晶区和非晶区进行。从预氧化过程中纤维强度及拉伸形变曲线变化规律认为PAN纤维早期的环化反应主要在分子内进行。     

一种前馈控制混沌的方法

提出一种前馈控制混沌的方法.通过选取合适的前馈时间或控制系数,可将混沌系统稳定到平衡态.该方法用于控制Chuas混沌电路和混沌的Lorenz系统,仿真结果验证了其有效性.     

基于多机协调进相的无功分配方法

针对电网轻负荷运行时段的无功过剩、主网电压升高的问题,提出一种基于多机协调进相运行的无功分配策略.为确定机组最大进相深度,分析了生产厂家、进相试验和PSD-BPA仿真的P-Q曲线(P为有功功率,Q为无功功率),得到机组进相运行特点及差异性,指出多机进相协调运行时,应依据进相机组的当前有功和进相试验曲线得到最大进相深度.以多机进相整体安全裕度最大、各机组安全裕度相近为目标,建立多机协调进相的无功分配模型,并设计了粒子群算法求解模型.最后通过某实际220 kV分区电网仿真分析,验证了方法的有效性.     

某型雷达反射板轻量化仿真设计

为满足某型雷达支架反射板的轻量化要求,使用碳纤维复合材料代替原有的1350铝合金材料.改进后的碳纤维材料反射板厚度由1.8 mm下降到1.4 mm,使结构重量减轻了50％.碳纤维材料相比于铝合金材料在强度刚度上都具有优势,但由于反射板厚度下降,无法判断其力学性能是否下降,需要进行理论计算及仿真论证.利用ANSYS软件对改进后的反射板进行模态分析、随机振动分析和瞬态动力学分析,并对其各阶固有频率进行了理论计算.结果 表明:2阶固有频率与2阶工作频率较为接近,应适当调整该阶工作频率,避免在固有频率附近工作.改进后的碳纤维反射板在振动载荷下安全系数提升9.473倍,冲击载荷下安全系数提升了3.269倍.研究结果为碳纤维材料替代传统金属材料提供了新的思路.     

纳米SiO2在提高采收率与降压增注中的应用进展

纳米技术现已广泛应用于生物、医药、材料等多个领域,在石油勘探开发领域也具有诸多潜在应用价值.综述了纳米颗粒在石油开发领域中提高采收率及降压增注的应用进展,石油开发所使用的纳米颗粒可分为金属纳米颗粒、有机纳米颗粒、无机纳米颗粒;针对表面改性后纳米SiO2分散性变差的问题介绍了新型生物表面活性剂等纳米材料分散方法;纳米SiO2提高采收率的主要机理是楔形挤压、润湿反转、降低界面张力及其他提采机理;纳米SiO2降压增注机理为进入地层后形成的疏水膜能改变润湿性、防止黏土膨胀,对于吸附纳米颗粒能否增大孔道半径存在争议.建议今后从纳米SiO2地层匹配性、降压增注解析模型、数值模拟模型以及生物基表面活性剂开展相关的技术研究.