Imaging of Titan from the Cassini spacecraft

Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, is the only satellite in the Solar System with a substantial atmosphere. The atmosphere is poorly understood and obscures the surface, leading to intense speculation about Titan's nature. Here we present observations of Titan from the imaging science experiment onboard the Cassini spacecraft that address some of these issues. The images reveal intricate surface albedo features that suggest aeolian, tectonic and fluvial processes; they also show a few circular features that could be impact structures. These observations imply that substantial surface modification has occurred over Titan's history. We have not directly detected liquids on the surface to date. Convective clouds are found to be common near the south pole, and the motion of mid-latitude clouds consistently indicates eastward winds, from which we infer that the troposphere is rotating faster than the surface. A detached haze at an altitude of 500 km is 150-200 km higher than that observed by Voyager, and more tenuous haze layers are also resolved.     

Sequence and analysis of chromosome 5 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana

The genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been sequenced by an international collaboration, The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. Here we report the complete sequence of chromosome 5. This chromosome is 26 megabases long; it is the second largest Arabidopsis chromosome and represents 21% of the sequenced regions of the genome. The sequence of chromosomes 2 and 4 have been reported previously and that of chromosomes 1 and 3, together with an analysis of the complete genome sequence, are reported in this issue. Analysis of the sequence of chromosome 5 yields further insights into centromere structure and the sequence determinants of heterochromatin condensation. The 5,874 genes encoded on chromosome 5 reveal several new functions in plants, and the patterns of gene organization provide insights into the mechanisms and extent of genome evolution in plants.     

Cyclin D control of growth rate in plants

The mechanisms by which plants modulate their growth rate in response to environmental and developmental conditions are unknown, but are presumed to involve specialized regions called meristems where cell division is concentrated. The possible role of cell division in influencing meristem activity and overall plant growth rate is controversial, with a prevailing view that cell division is secondary to higher order meristem controls. Here we show that a reduction in the length of the cell-cycle G1 phase and faster cell cycling occur when the rate of cell division in transgenic tobacco plants is increased by the plant D-type cyclin CycD2 (ref. 8). The plants have normal cell and meristem sizes, but elevated overall growth rates, an increased rate of leaf initiation and accelerated development in all stages from seedling to maturity. We conclude that cell division is a principal determinant of meristem activity and overall growth rate, and propose that modulation of plant growth rate is achieved through regulation of G1.     

Recent advances of tissue culture in cancer research

Résumé On donne ici un bref exposé des principaux courants d'idée qui se rattachent surtout à la recherche anticancereuse telle qu'elle a été abordée depuis la seconde guerre modiale par la méthode des cultures de tissus. De grands progrès techniques ont aujourd'hui rendu possible la manipulation en masse de la cellule de mammifères en cultures continues, cellule traitée essentiellement comme microorganisme. Toutefois, comme les cellules à croissance rapide autant d'origine normale que maligne perdent leurs caractères individuels et finissent par se ressembler, l'intérêt se reporte actuellement sur les cultures de tissus organisés, où les facteurs favorables à la différenciation et au contrôle de la croissance peuvent être examinés.     

Induction of epidermal cell proliferation by a tumour promoter in vitamin B6-deficient mice

Summary Topical application of the tumour promoter 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate to skin caused a marked enhancement of mitotic acitivity both in mice maintained on a complete diet or on a vitamin B₆-deficient diet.Acknowledgment. The author thanks Mr P. Daenke for excellent technical assistance.This investigation was supported by the Australian Research Grants Committee and the Australian Tobacco Research Foundation.     

Shock effects on some cryptogamic plants

Résumé La turgescence de la cellule et la plasticité de sa paroi subissent des changements après le choc; la condition de latence et la sporogénèse sont accélérées. Les organisms blessés régénèrent. Il se peut que la forme de la cellule détermine la sensibilité à la pression du choc.     

Testing time-predictable earthquake recurrence by direct measurement of strain accumulation and release

Probabilistic estimates of earthquake hazard use various models for the temporal distribution of earthquakes, including the 'time-predictable' recurrence model formulated by Shimazaki and Nakata (which incorporates the concept of elastic rebound described as early as 1910 by H. F. Reid). This model states that an earthquake occurs when the fault recovers the stress relieved in the most recent earthquake. Unlike time-independent models (for example, Poisson probability), the time-predictable model is thought to encompass some of the physics behind the earthquake cycle, in that earthquake probability increases with time. The time-predictable model is therefore often preferred when adequate data are available, and it is incorporated in hazard predictions for many earthquake-prone regions, including northern California, southern California, New Zealand and Japan. Here we show that the model fails in what should be an ideal locale for its application -- Parkfield, California. We estimate rigorous bounds on the predicted recurrence time of the magnitude approximately 6 1966 Parkfield earthquake through inversion of geodetic measurements and we show that, according to the time-predictable model, another earthquake should have occurred by 1987. The model's poor performance in a relatively simple tectonic setting does not bode well for its successful application to the many areas of the world characterized by complex fault interactions.