Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) from west central Africa are recognized as the reservoir of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpzPtt) that have crossed at least twice to humans: this resulted in the AIDS pandemic (from human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 group M) in one instance and infection of just a few individuals in Cameroon (by HIV-1 group N) in another. A third HIV-1 lineage (group O) from west central Africa also falls within the SIVcpzPtt radiation, but the primate reservoir of this virus has not been identified. Here we report the discovery of HIV-1 group O-like viruses in wild gorillas.     

导弹制导和控制系统

虽然导弹制导和控制系统的出现源自军事目的，但是这项技术已经应用于很多领域，比如机器人、工业过程控制和全球定位系统（GPS，Global Positioning System）。本书详细的阐述了这项技术的最新幕后，战略和战术导弹及其对给定目标的制导、控制和采取的策略。     

Genome-wide association scan identifies a colorectal cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 8q24

Using a multistage genetic association approach comprising 7,480 affected individuals and 7,779 controls, we identified markers in chromosomal region 8q24 associated with colorectal cancer. In stage 1, we genotyped 99,632 SNPs in 1,257 affected individuals and 1,336 controls from Ontario. In stages 2-4, we performed serial replication studies using 4,024 affected individuals and 4,042 controls from Seattle, Newfoundland and Scotland. We identified one locus on chromosome 8q24 and another on 9p24 having combined odds ratios (OR) for stages 1-4 of 1.18 (trend; P = 1.41 x 10(-8)) and 1.14 (trend; P = 1.32 x 10(-5)), respectively. Additional analyses in 2,199 affected individuals and 2,401 controls from France and Europe supported the association at the 8q24 locus (OR = 1.16, trend; 95% confidence interval (c.i.): 1.07-1.26; P = 5.05 x 10(-4)). A summary across all seven studies at the 8q24 locus was highly significant (OR = 1.17, c.i.: 1.12-1.23; P = 3.16 x 10(-11)). This locus has also been implicated in prostate cancer.     

基于分子瓦自组装的DNA纳米管的制备与表征

利用DNA分子自组装技术可以构建从一维到三维不同形状的纳米结构,并且这些结构在微纳米电子学、纳米生物学等众多领域有许多潜在的用途.本文利用DNA分子瓦(tile)自组装技术,采用双交叉(DX)DNA分子瓦成功组装了一维DNA纳米管结构,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(native-PAGE)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、荧光显微镜和原子力显微镜(AFM)对制得的DNA纳米管结构进行了表征,结果表明,组装成功的DNA纳米管直径在7～20nm之间,长度最长可以达到50μm以上.为了结构更加稳定,对分子瓦中每条DNA单链的5′末端进行磷酸化处理,自组装完成后利用T4DNA连接酶连接磷酸化修饰的DNA纳米管的缺口.AFM结果显示,使用T4DNA连接酶处理后的DNA纳米管更能保持完好的管状结构,表明连接处理后的DNA纳米管更加坚固,促进了DNA纳米管应用于微纳米领域的研究.     

退火时间对二维DNA晶体自组装的影响

DNA自组装的过程,不仅需要合适的缓冲液,还需要适当的退火时间.本文利用DNA自组装技术,以反向平行双交叉(double-crossover,DX)DNA分子瓦(DNAtile)作为建筑模块,带有互补黏性末端(sticky-ends)的分子瓦依据Watson-Crick碱基互补配对原则配对连接,成功制备出二维晶体结构.比较不同退火时间下形成的DNA分子瓦结构,采用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(non-denaturing PAGE)表征.结果表明,退火时间为2.5h时形成的分子瓦的结构较稳定.等量混合此条件下形成的不同分子瓦,分别从50,37和25℃退火至室温,利用原子力显微镜(AFM)对退火后的结构进行表征,结果表明,起始退火温度为37℃时得到的DNA二维晶体较平整.     

设计及自组装六边形网格状DNA二维阵列

根据Watson-Crick DNA碱基互补配对原则,设计了不同黏性末端DNA序列,以两种三点星状为模块(three-point-star motif),运用DNA自组装技术,成功制备了六边形网格状DNA二维阵列.研究不同单链DNA的摩尔比例对三点星状模块结构组装的影响,以及不同起始退火温度对二维阵列自组装的影响,用凝胶电泳及原子力显微镜(AFM)对结构进行了表征.结果表明,当构成三点星状模块的3条单链摩尔比例为1:3:3时得到的模块结构更稳定,从50℃开始退火时得到的二维阵列更完整.自组装得到的二维阵列厚度约2nm,六边形边长约20nm.本研究为进一步探究三点星模块组装二维阵列的机理提供了新的思路.     

考虑定价、生产能力和原料采购的VMI系统Pareto最优及其实现

首先讨论在考虑定价、生产能力和原料采购的VMI系统非合作博弈的基础上实现VMI系统Pareto最优的一般条件,其次给出了在Stackelberg博弈下的可行Pareto最优集问题,然后提出了实现生产商和定货商Pareto最优的Nash讨价还价模型,最后给出了算例加以说明合作给企业带来了较大的利润增加.     

Analysis of Freemium Business Model Considering Network Externalities and Consumer Uncertainty

An emerging business model increasingly used by companies in the online software market is to provide both a free basic version and a paid premium version for a service or a product to customers. Such a setting is often called freemium model. The existence of the free version can reduce the customer uncertainty regarding the evaluation of the commercial software and make use of network effect to improve the firm’s profit. However, the freemium model may also have the cannibalization effect which can hurt the profit. Hence, the firm needs to determine the optimal content for the free version and the optimal price for the premium version to maximize its profit. In this paper, first, we obtain the optimal decisions of the freemium model and their properties. Second, we compare the freemium model with the traditional charge-for-everything model that all content of the product need to be charged in terms of the profit, customer welfare, and social welfare. The results show that when customer underestimates the value of the software significantly and the true value of the software is high enough, the freemium model can generate higher profit, higher customer welfare, and higher social welfare. Otherwise, the freemium model may not deliver the desired results.     

Systematic generation of high-resolution deletion coverage of the Drosophila melanogaster genome

In fruit fly research, chromosomal deletions are indispensable tools for mapping mutations, characterizing alleles and identifying interacting loci. Most widely used deletions were generated by irradiation or chemical mutagenesis. These methods are labor-intensive, generate random breakpoints and result in unwanted secondary mutations that can confound phenotypic analyses. Most of the existing deletions are large, have molecularly undefined endpoints and are maintained in genetically complex stocks. Furthermore, the existence of haplolethal or haplosterile loci makes the recovery of deletions of certain regions exceedingly difficult by traditional methods, resulting in gaps in coverage. Here we describe two methods that address these problems by providing for the systematic isolation of targeted deletions in the D. melanogaster genome. The first strategy used a P element-based technique to generate deletions that closely flank haploinsufficient genes and minimize undeleted regions. This deletion set has increased overall genomic coverage by 5-7%. The second strategy used FLP recombinase and the large array of FRT-bearing insertions described in the accompanying paper to generate 519 isogenic deletions with molecularly defined endpoints. This second deletion collection provides 56% genome coverage so far. The latter methodology enables the generation of small custom deletions with predictable endpoints throughout the genome and should make their isolation a simple and routine task.     

Human genes that limit AIDS

Discernable genetic variation among people and populations has an important role in infectious disease epidemics, including that of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Genetic association analysis of several large AIDS cohorts implicate 14 AIDS restriction genes, polymorphic variants in loci that regulate HIV-1 cell entry, acquired and innate immunity, and cytokine defenses to HIV-1. The influence and translational impact of these genes on individual and population sensitivity to AIDS is considerable.