神经电活动稳态调控抑制性突触传递的分子机制

发育中的神经网络需要兼顾生长与稳定这两种相辅相成的需求.稳态可塑性可通过调节兴奋性或抑制性突触传递从而维持神经网络的稳定.已报道的关于稳态可塑性机制方面的研究主要集中在其对兴奋性突触传递的影响,很少关注其对抑制性突触的调控.运用体外培养的原代海马神经元,本项研究发现了持续增强神经元电活动4小时能够诱导抑制性突触传递的稳...     

High-frequency, scaled graphene transistors on diamond-like carbon

Owing to its high carrier mobility and saturation velocity, graphene has attracted enormous attention in recent years. In particular, high-performance graphene transistors for radio-frequency (r.f.) applications are of great interest. Synthesis of large-scale graphene sheets of high quality and at low cost has been demonstrated using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) methods. However, very few studies have been performed on the scaling behaviour of transistors made from CVD graphene for r.f. applications, which hold great potential for commercialization. Here we report the systematic study of top-gated CVD-graphene r.f. transistors with gate lengths scaled down to 40 nm, the shortest gate length demonstrated on graphene r.f. devices. The CVD graphene was grown on copper film and transferred to a wafer of diamond-like carbon. Cut-off frequencies as high as 155 GHz have been obtained for the 40-nm transistors, and the cut-off frequency was found to scale as 1/(gate length). Furthermore, we studied graphene r.f. transistors at cryogenic temperatures. Unlike conventional semiconductor devices where low-temperature performance is hampered by carrier freeze-out effects, the r.f. performance of our graphene devices exhibits little temperature dependence down to 4.3 K, providing a much larger operation window than is available for conventional devices.     

Overcoming lability of extremely long alkane carbon-carbon bonds through dispersion forces

Steric effects in chemistry are a consequence of the space required to accommodate the atoms and groups within a molecule, and are often thought to be dominated by repulsive forces arising from overlapping electron densities (Pauli repulsion). An appreciation of attractive interactions such as van der Waals forces (which include London dispersion forces) is necessary to understand chemical bonding and reactivity fully. This is evident from, for example, the strongly debated origin of the higher stability of branched alkanes relative to linear alkanes and the possibility of constructing hydrocarbons with extraordinarily long C-C single bonds through steric crowding. Although empirical bond distance/bond strength relationships have been established for C-C bonds (longer C-C bonds have smaller bond dissociation energies), these have no present theoretical basis. Nevertheless, these empirical considerations are fundamental to structural and energetic evaluations in chemistry, as summarized by Pauling as early as 1960 and confirmed more recently. Here we report the preparation of hydrocarbons with extremely long C-C bonds (up to 1.704??), the longest such bonds observed so far in alkanes. The prepared compounds are unexpectedly stable--noticeable decomposition occurs only above 200?°C. We prepared the alkanes by coupling nanometre-sized, diamond-like, highly rigid structures known as diamondoids. The extraordinary stability of the coupling products is due to overall attractive dispersion interactions between the intramolecular H???H contact surfaces, as is evident from density functional theory computations with and without inclusion of dispersion corrections.     

Converting nonsense codons into sense codons by targeted pseudouridylation

All three translation termination codons, or nonsense codons, contain a uridine residue at the first position of the codon. Here, we demonstrate that pseudouridylation (conversion of uridine into pseudouridine (Ψ), ref. 4) of nonsense codons suppresses translation termination both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo targeting of nonsense codons is accomplished by the expression of an H/ACA RNA capable of directing the isomerization of uridine to Ψ within the nonsense codon. Thus, targeted pseudouridylation represents a novel approach for promoting nonsense suppression in vivo. Remarkably, we also show that pseudouridylated nonsense codons code for amino acids with similar properties. Specifically, ΨAA and ΨAG code for serine and threonine, whereas ΨGA codes for tyrosine and phenylalanine, thus suggesting a new mode of decoding. Our results also suggest that RNA modification, as a naturally occurring mechanism, may offer a new way to expand the genetic code.     

浙江天童常绿木本植物的叶片相对电导率及抗寒性

以浙江天童常绿阔叶林59种常见木本植物为研究对象,通过比较其叶片在低温胁迫下的相对电导率差异,揭示该地区常绿阔叶林常见常绿植物的抗寒性,旨在为营建具有较强抗雨雪冰冻灾害能力的人工林提供参考.结果显示:(1)各植物叶片对0℃低温普遍具有较好的抗性,未产生显著伤害;在-5℃低温处理下相对电导率显著增大,均造成了不同程度的伤...     

基于遥感和GIS方法的千岛湖库区集合植物群落宏观格局初步分析

以杭州市淳安县千岛湖库区的典型集合植物群落为研究对象,运用遥感和GIS方法对其宏观格局特征进行初步分析,探讨了不同面积岛屿的归一化植被指数及其不同等级岛屿斑块的景观格局.结果表明:岛屿大小与岛屿的归一化植被指数呈现明显的正相关关系.各类岛屿内部不同NDVI等级斑块的景观格局对其NDVI整体大小有一定影响.整个景观的破碎...     

公路下充填开采的相似材料及数值模拟研究

针对公路下大量压煤的实际情况,为尝试性地探索公路下采煤的合适方法,利用相似材料模拟实验对公路下充填开采进行了研究,通过实验得到了公路在充填开采状态下所产生的移动和变形值;同时利用有限元软件ADINA进行三维数值模拟,将数值模拟与相似材料模拟实验的结果进行了对比分析,并研究了开采时煤层倾角、采深对公路稳定性的影响.研究表...     

基于ZigBee网络的心音无线检测系统设计

针对众多连线的心音检测仪给病人带来心理上的干扰问题,介绍了基于Z igBee的无线传感器网络在心音信号传输中的应用,设计了一种心音无线检测系统,包括心音传感器、信号预处理、A/D转换电路、网络节点、检测基站和数据采集及自动分析部分.根据心音信号属于非平稳信号的特点,提出了基于复杂度的心音分析方法.实验结果表明,本系统能够对心音信号进行实时采集和有效传输,基于复杂度的算法能够成功地从心音信号提取S1和S2,并获取了3项医学指标:心率,第一心音与第二心音幅值比(S1/S2)和舒张期与收缩期时限比(D/S),初步实现了心音信号的自动识别.     

无线局域网安全技术分析与改进

从加密、认证、密钥管理和入侵检测四个方面分析了无线局域网的安全技术.在加密、认证和密钥管理方面重点分析了最新的无线局域网协议标准802.11i,并介绍了中国的无线局域网协议标准WAPI.在入侵防御方面分析了现有的主要入侵方法,并提出了无线局域网的入侵检测框架.     

高维流形视角下采用ISOMAP降维的配网户变关系辨识

准确的户变关系是配网线损计算、故障定位和三相平衡等高级应用的基础.低压配网的户变关系辨识算法大多基于电压相关性原理,而电压相关性随供电半径增加而减弱,电压采集频次较低无法可靠捕获电压的"共性波动",使得辨识准确率普遍不高.提出了一种基于等距特征映射(isometric mapping,ISOMAP)降维和改进K-mea...