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171.
G. Bergström A. -B. Wassgren O. Anderbrant J. Fägerhag H. Edlund E. Hedenström H. -E. Högberg C. Geri M. A. Auger M. Varama B. S. Hansson J. Löfqvist 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1995,51(4):370-380
The main component of the sex pheromone secretion of femaleDiprion pini L. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) from insects collected both in Finland and in France has been identified as athreo-3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol (8 ng per female) stereoisomer by GC-MS and synthesis. The secretion also contains lower and higher homologues in small amounts (1–4% of the main component). Combined gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection showed activity in both natural and esterified extracts (acetates and propionates); the esters of the main component gave the largest responses. The acetates and propionates of the eight stereoisomers of 3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol were synthesized from enantiomerically highly enriched (>99% ee) building blocks. The stereochemistry of the main component was established to be (2S,3R,7R)-3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol by GC analysis of the natural material. It was purified by liquid chromatography prior to the GC analysis of both its pentafluorobenzoates and its isopropylcarbamates on a non-chiral polar column (ECD) and a chiral column (NPD), respectively. Field tests demonstrated that both the acetate and propionate of the main component (100 g of each applied on cotton roll dispensers) were active in attracting males, with or without the presence of several of the minor compounds. Experiments with smaller amounts of the acetate and the propionate (1 g in France and 50 g in Finland) demonstrated that the propionate was more active than the acetate, and that it also caught more males than a blend of the two compounds. 相似文献
172.
J. Martín-Gil F. J. Martín-Gil G. Delibes-de-Castro P. Zapatero-Magdaleno F. J. Sarabia-Herrero 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1995,51(8):759-761
Vermillion has been shown to be useful in preserving human bones from 5000 years ago. Remarkably well-preserved human bones have been found in the dolmenic burial La Velilla in Osorno (Palencia, Spain), carefully covered by pulverized cinnabar (vermillion) which ensured their preservation even in non-favorable climatic conditions. We believe the red powder was deliberately deposited for preservative use because no cinnabar mine is to be found within 160 km, because of the large amount (hundreds of kilograms) used, and because its composition, red mercuric sulphide, is similar to that of preparations used in technical embalming. This finding pushes back the data of the use of mercury ore for preservation by four millennia in South America, and by at least one millennium in the Old World. Chemical and thermal analyses of vermillion in La Velilla have demonstrated its great purity and shown that the cinnabar was pulverized and washed (but not heated), producing a bright red-orange tone. 相似文献
173.
Symmetry perception in an insect 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Symmetrical visual patterns have a salient status in human perception, as evinced by their prevalent occurrence in art, and also in animal perception, where they may be an indicator of phenotypic and genotypic quality. Symmetry perception has been demonstrated in humans, birds, dolphins and apes. Here we show that bees trained to discriminate bilaterally symmetrical from non-symmetrical patterns learn the task and transfer it appropriately to novel stimuli, thus demonstrating a capacity to detect and generalize symmetry or asymmetry. We conclude that bees, and possibly flower-visiting insects in general, can acquire a generalized preference towards symmetrical or, alternatively, asymmetrical patterns depending on experience, and that symmetry detection is preformed or can be learned as perceptual category by insects, because it can be extracted as an independent visual pattern feature. Bees show a predisposition for learning and generalized symmetry because, if trained to it, they choose it more frequently, come closer to and hover longer in front of the novel symmetrical stimuli than the bees trained for asymmetry do for the novel asymmetrical stimuli. Thus, even organisms with comparatively small nervous systems can generalize about symmetry, and favour symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. 相似文献
174.
A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean 总被引:70,自引:0,他引:70
Coale KH Johnson KS Fitzwater SE Gordon RM Tanner S Chavez FP Ferioli L Sakamoto C Rogers P Millero F Steinberg P Nightingale P Cooper D Cochlan WP Landry MR Constantinou J Rollwagen G Trasvina A Kudela R 《Nature》1996,383(6600):495-501
The seeding of an expanse of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean with low concentrations of dissolved iron triggered a massive phytoplankton bloom which consumed large quantities of carbon dioxide and nitrate that these microscopic plants cannot fully utilize under natural conditions. These and other observations provide unequivocal support for the hypothesis that phytoplankton growth in this oceanic region is limited by iron bioavailability. 相似文献
175.
Medical representations of the body in Japan: gender, class, and discourse in the eighteenth century
Low MF 《Annals of science》1996,53(4):345-359
This paper examines the introduction of European anatomy to Japan via translated medical texts in the eighteenth century. It argues how detailed illustrations of the body found in the texts presented a new discourse by which to objectify and control the body, and new metaphors and analogies by which to view society. Inspection of bodily parts through dissection and the reading of anatomical texts marked a transition to Western forms of science, to 'reliable' knowledge which was certified by the social status of the author. By looking at one important text, the Kaitai shinsho [A New Book of Anatomy] (1774), it will be shown that changes in representations of the body reflect the social construction of gender. 相似文献
176.
Molecular evidence for increased hematopoietic proliferation in the spleen of the b/b laboratory rat
S. Savković S. Pavlović T. Mitrović M. Joksimović J. Marjanović V. Glišin Z. Popović 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1996,52(8):807-811
The splenomegaly and the appearance of a significant number of CFU-E (erythroid colony-forming units) and BFU-E1 (erythroid burst-forming units) in the Belgrade laboratory rat (b/b) spleen prompted us to analyse further the molecular evidence for increased hematopoietic proliferation in the b/b spleen. Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) specific for globins, proteins for iron transport and deposition and the band 3 protein were used in rat erythropoietic tissues as markers for proliferation and erythroid differentiation. In the b/b spleen, all mRNAs analysed display an erythroid-specific pattern of expression. This analysis also revealed an enhanced level of mRNA for ferritin in the +/b spleen, whereas erythrocyte-specific mRNA production was normal. 相似文献
177.
Antiviral activities of anthraquinones,bianthrones and hypericin derivatives from lichens 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
P. A. Cohen J. B. Hudson G. H. N. Towers 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1996,52(2):180-183
The antiviral activities of some naturally occurring anthraquinones bianthrones, and hypericin derivatives were compared by the end-point CPE (viral cytopathic effects) method and plaque assays. Under optimal conditions of exposure to light, hypericin, 7,7-dichlorohypericin and 5,7-dichloroemodin exhibited strong inhibitory activity against HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus type 1) in both assays. Partial inactivation of the virus was shown by emodin, 7-chloroemodin and 7-chloro-1-O-methylemodin; the bianthrones and other anthraquinones were found to be inactive. Antiviral activity appeared to be, positively correlated with increasing substitution of chlorine in the anthraquinone structure. In the absence of light, only hypericin and 7,7-dichlorohypericin displayed detectable activity. 相似文献
178.
2-Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide,a synthetic organogermanium compound,as an inducer of contrasuppressor T cells 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
K. Ikemoto M. Kobayashi T. Fukumoto M. Morimatsu R. B. Pollard F. Suzuki 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1996,52(2):159-166
2-Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide (Ge-132), a synthesized organogermanium compound with immunomodulaing activities, was shown to be an inducer of anti-suppressor T cells in normal mice. The suppressor cell activity of T6S cells, a clone of burn-induced CD8+ IL-4-producing suppressor T cells, was clearly inhibited when a mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell reaction of the clone was conducted with splenic mononuclear cells from mice treated orally with a 100 mg/kg dose of Ge-132. The activity of anti-suppressor cells was demonstrated in spleens of mice 2 days after treatment with Ge-132 and reached its peak on day 3. The anti-suppressor cells induced by the compound were of a contrasuppressor T cell-linage, because they were characterized as CD4+ CD28+ TCR/+
Vicia villosa lectin-adherent T cells. These cells produced IFN- but did not produce IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 or IL-10 in their culture fluids. CD4+ anti-suppressor T cells induced by Ge-132 may be different from other subsets of CD4+ T cells because Th1 and Th2 cells generated in our laboratory did not adhere toVicia villosa lectin-coated petri dishes, and each produced specific cytokines. Th1 cells produced IFN- and IL-2 while Th2 cells produce IL-4 and IL-10 in vitro. These results suggest that Ge-132 may be useful as an inducer of contrasuppressor T cells in immunocompromised individuals bearing suppressor T cells. To eliminate suppressor T cells from immunocompromised hosts may result in improved resistance from various opportunistic infections. 相似文献
179.
Enterocytes isolated from rat jejunum were tested for the existence of a Cl–/HCO
3
–
exchange, previously evidenced in basolateral membrane vesicles but not in brush border. Cells were found to retain functional integrity and transport capabilities long enough to allow Cl– fluxes to be measured. Both efflux and uptake experiments indicate that a Cl–/HCO
3
–
antiport, inhibited by 4,4-diisothiocyanostilbene-2-2-disulfonic acid (DIDS), is functional under resting conditions. 相似文献
180.
Flesher MM 《Annals of science》1997,54(5):463-487
The addition of 'fire' to the European battle repertoire resulted in the close-order drill for manoeuvres of the line. Begun in late sixteenth-century Netherlands and perfected in eighteenth-century Prussia under Frederick the Great, the drill's precision marching evolved into a military science which conceived what infantry acquired through rigorous training as a lawful 'second nature' of men. In contrast, the liberal Webers' 1836 locomotion research orientation was, as was that of French skirmishing, one of natural self-regulation. Later Prussian military science, restored in Imperial Germany, was merged into locomotion science. 相似文献