全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11340篇 |
免费 | 100篇 |
国内免费 | 164篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 195篇 |
丛书文集 | 609篇 |
教育与普及 | 458篇 |
理论与方法论 | 35篇 |
现状及发展 | 1038篇 |
研究方法 | 1377篇 |
综合类 | 7876篇 |
自然研究 | 16篇 |
出版年
2018年 | 21篇 |
2017年 | 34篇 |
2016年 | 21篇 |
2015年 | 28篇 |
2014年 | 56篇 |
2013年 | 46篇 |
2012年 | 680篇 |
2011年 | 870篇 |
2010年 | 234篇 |
2009年 | 115篇 |
2008年 | 832篇 |
2007年 | 867篇 |
2006年 | 915篇 |
2005年 | 971篇 |
2004年 | 740篇 |
2003年 | 701篇 |
2002年 | 635篇 |
2001年 | 498篇 |
2000年 | 722篇 |
1999年 | 241篇 |
1998年 | 62篇 |
1997年 | 47篇 |
1996年 | 33篇 |
1995年 | 33篇 |
1994年 | 41篇 |
1993年 | 38篇 |
1992年 | 29篇 |
1991年 | 43篇 |
1990年 | 51篇 |
1989年 | 54篇 |
1988年 | 41篇 |
1987年 | 40篇 |
1986年 | 61篇 |
1985年 | 52篇 |
1984年 | 38篇 |
1983年 | 34篇 |
1982年 | 52篇 |
1981年 | 48篇 |
1980年 | 25篇 |
1979年 | 28篇 |
1971年 | 34篇 |
1970年 | 61篇 |
1966年 | 29篇 |
1959年 | 169篇 |
1958年 | 290篇 |
1957年 | 203篇 |
1956年 | 176篇 |
1955年 | 197篇 |
1954年 | 191篇 |
1948年 | 53篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 303 毫秒
101.
102.
103.
104.
Extant jawed vertebrates, or gnathostomes, fall into two major monophyletic groups, namely chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes) and osteichthyans (bony fishes and tetrapods). Fossil representatives of the osteichthyan crown group are known from the latest Silurian period, 418 million years (Myr) ago, to the present. By contrast, stem chondrichthyans and stem osteichthyans are still largely unknown. Two extinct Palaeozoic groups, the acanthodians and placoderms, may fall into these stem groups or the common stem group of gnathostomes, but their relationships and monophyletic status are both debated. Here we report unambiguous evidence for osteichthyan characters in jaw bones referred to the late Silurian (423-416-Myr-old) fishes Andreolepis hedei and Lophosteus superbus, long known from isolated bone fragments, scales and teeth, and whose affinities to, or within, osteichthyans have been debated. The bones are a characteristic osteichthyan maxillary and dentary, but the organization of the tooth-like denticles they bear differs from the large, conical teeth of crown-group osteichthyans, indicating that they can be assigned to the stem group. Andreolepis and Lophosteus are thus not only the oldest but also the most phylogenetically basal securely identified osteichthyans known so far. 相似文献
105.
106.
Lahaye T Koch T Fröhlich B Fattori M Metz J Griesmaier A Giovanazzi S Pfau T 《Nature》2007,448(7154):672-675
Symmetry-breaking interactions have a crucial role in many areas of physics, ranging from classical ferrofluids to superfluid (3)He and d-wave superconductivity. For superfluid quantum gases, a variety of new physical phenomena arising from the symmetry-breaking interaction between electric or magnetic dipoles are expected. Novel quantum phases in optical lattices, such as chequerboard or supersolid phases, are predicted for dipolar bosons. Dipolar interactions can also enrich considerably the physics of quantum gases with internal degrees of freedom. Arrays of dipolar particles could be used for efficient quantum information processing. Here we report the realization of a chromium Bose-Einstein condensate with strong dipolar interactions. By using a Feshbach resonance, we reduce the usual isotropic contact interaction, such that the anisotropic magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between 52Cr atoms becomes comparable in strength. This induces a change of the aspect ratio of the atom cloud; for strong dipolar interactions, the inversion of ellipticity during expansion (the usual 'smoking gun' evidence for a Bose-Einstein condensate) can be suppressed. These effects are accounted for by taking into account the dipolar interaction in the superfluid hydrodynamic equations governing the dynamics of the gas, in the same way as classical ferrofluids can be described by including dipolar terms in the classical hydrodynamic equations. Our results are a first step in the exploration of the unique properties of quantum ferrofluids. 相似文献
107.
Baumann T Amthor AM Bazin D Brown BA Folden CM Gade A Ginter TN Hausmann M Matos M Morrissey DJ Portillo M Schiller A Sherrill BM Stolz A Tarasov OB Thoennessen M 《Nature》2007,449(7165):1022-1024
A fundamental question in nuclear physics is what combinations of neutrons and protons can make up a nucleus. Many hundreds of exotic neutron-rich isotopes have never been observed; the limit of how many neutrons a given number of protons can bind is unknown for all but the lightest elements, owing to the delicate interplay between single particle and collective quantum effects in the nucleus. This limit, known as the neutron drip line, provides a benchmark for models of the atomic nucleus. Here we report a significant advance in the determination of this limit: the discovery of two new neutron-rich isotopes--40Mg and 42Al--that are predicted to be drip-line nuclei. In the past, several attempts to observe 40Mg were unsuccessful; moreover, the observation of 42Al provides an experimental indication that the neutron drip line may be located further towards heavier isotopes in this mass region than is currently believed. In stable nuclei, attractive pairing forces enhance the stability of isotopes with even numbers of protons and neutrons. In contrast, the present work shows that nuclei at the drip line gain stability from an unpaired proton, which narrows the shell gaps and provides the opportunity to bind many more neutrons. 相似文献
108.
Northen TR Yanes O Northen MT Marrinucci D Uritboonthai W Apon J Golledge SL Nordström A Siuzdak G 《Nature》2007,449(7165):1033-1036
The ability of mass spectrometry to generate intact biomolecular ions efficiently in the gas phase has led to its widespread application in metabolomics, proteomics, biological imaging, biomarker discovery and clinical assays (namely neonatal screens). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization have been at the forefront of these developments. However, matrix application complicates the use of MALDI for cellular, tissue, biofluid and microarray analysis and can limit the spatial resolution because of the matrix crystal size (typically more than 10 mum), sensitivity and detection of small compounds (less than 500 Da). Secondary-ion mass spectrometry has extremely high lateral resolution (100 nm) and has found biological applications although the energetic desorption/ionization is a limitation owing to molecular fragmentation. Here we introduce nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS), a tool for spatially defined mass analysis. NIMS uses 'initiator' molecules trapped in nanostructured surfaces or 'clathrates' to release and ionize intact molecules adsorbed on the surface. This surface responds to both ion and laser irradiation. The lateral resolution (ion-NIMS about 150 nm), sensitivity, matrix-free and reduced fragmentation of NIMS allows direct characterization of peptide microarrays, direct mass analysis of single cells, tissue imaging, and direct characterization of blood and urine. 相似文献
109.
Human CtIP promotes DNA end resection 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Sartori AA Lukas C Coates J Mistrik M Fu S Bartek J Baer R Lukas J Jackson SP 《Nature》2007,450(7169):509-514
In the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are processed into single-stranded DNA, triggering ATR-dependent checkpoint signalling and DSB repair by homologous recombination. Previous work has implicated the MRE11 complex in such DSB-processing events. Here, we show that the human CtIP (RBBP8) protein confers resistance to DSB-inducing agents and is recruited to DSBs exclusively in the S and G2 cell-cycle phases. Moreover, we reveal that CtIP is required for DSB resection, and thereby for recruitment of replication protein A (RPA) and the protein kinase ATR to DSBs, and for the ensuing ATR activation. Furthermore, we establish that CtIP physically and functionally interacts with the MRE11 complex, and that both CtIP and MRE11 are required for efficient homologous recombination. Finally, we reveal that CtIP has sequence homology with Sae2, which is involved in MRE11-dependent DSB processing in yeast. These findings establish evolutionarily conserved roles for CtIP-like proteins in controlling DSB resection, checkpoint signalling and homologous recombination. 相似文献
110.
Hessa T Meindl-Beinker NM Bernsel A Kim H Sato Y Lerch-Bader M Nilsson I White SH von Heijne G 《Nature》2007,450(7172):1026-1030