纳米复合杂多酸催化合成萘乙醚

以纳米固载杂多酸H3PW12O40／SiO2为催化剂,β-萘酚和无水乙醇为原料,合成了β-萘乙醚,并研究了各种因素对产品收率的影响。该反应的最佳条件是：在酚醇物质的量比为1：3.5,催化剂用量为0.6g／0.04mol β-萘酚,反应时间的7h,β-萘乙醚的收率可达65.81％．     

混合有限元，相容性条件及应用

本书是斯普林格出版公司的系列丛书《数学讲座》的第1939卷,汇集了2006年6月26日～7月1日在意大利Cetraro举办的与本书同名的C．I．M．E夏季学校的讲稿。早在上世纪70年代,混合有限元就已成为数学和工程界广泛深入的研究课题,这个方法对于许多应用领域的基础性作用获得全球范围的公认,并被引进若干商用编码中。由于理论与应用间的相互影响,使该领域的发展前景更为令人注目。一方面,许多实际应用模式已被置于严格的数学框架中;另一方面,     

蜥蜴生态学觅食方式的进化结果

蜥蜴的觅食方式一直是蜥蜴生物学研究中的一个核心主题,引领该领域的研究已有三十多年。觅食方式被认为是在塑造蜥蜴的食性、生态、行为、解剖、生物力学、生活史和生理学等方面提供的一个可信服的进化力量。本专著汇集了27位学者的文稿,     

海洋及海岸波浪理论

本书介绍了深海、陆架海以及海岸带区域由风引起的海浪的观测、分析及预测方法和相关理论。从基础的物理和统计概念开始论述,进而详细地论述了波浪的预测。     

字宙和原子

这是一部高级科普读物,作者是一位著名的粒子物理理论家。在本书中,他深入浅出地对于最大的和最小的世界,从做为整体的宇宙到人类无法直接感知的亚原子物理学给出了简明扼要的介绍。内容涉及到了宇宙学、天体物理学、牛顿力学、量子力学、相对论、原子物理学、核物理学、基本粒子物理学直至大爆炸、元素合成和暗物质与暗能量,     

圈群的Langlands对应

Langlands方法作为数论与自守表示联系的桥梁,现在已扩展到几何、量子场论等领域。本书展现了这方面的最新进展和重要成果,给出了圈群的几何Langlands对应和由仿射Kac．Moody代数提供的新的唯一性透视方法、Langlands对偶理论、Langlands方法在无穷维代数表示理论与量子场论中的应用。该书还为高年级大学生和研究生提供了许多公开性问题。     

A Mott insulator of fermionic atoms in an optical lattice

Strong interactions between electrons in a solid material can lead to surprising properties. A prime example is the Mott insulator, in which suppression of conductivity occurs as a result of interactions rather than a filled Bloch band. Proximity to the Mott insulating phase in fermionic systems is the origin of many intriguing phenomena in condensed matter physics, most notably high-temperature superconductivity. The Hubbard model, which encompasses the essential physics of the Mott insulator, also applies to quantum gases trapped in an optical lattice. It is therefore now possible to access this regime with tools developed in atomic physics. However, an atomic Mott insulator has so far been realized only with a gas of bosons, which lack the rich and peculiar nature of fermions. Here we report the formation of a Mott insulator of a repulsively interacting two-component Fermi gas in an optical lattice. It is identified by three features: a drastic suppression of doubly occupied lattice sites, a strong reduction of the compressibility inferred from the response of double occupancy to an increase in atom number, and the appearance of a gapped mode in the excitation spectrum. Direct control of the interaction strength allows us to compare the Mott insulating regime and the non-interacting regime without changing tunnel-coupling or confinement. Our results pave the way for further studies of the Mott insulator, including spin-ordering and ultimately the question of d-wave superfluidity.     

Molecular architecture of native HIV-1 gp120 trimers

The envelope glycoproteins (Env) of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV, respectively) mediate virus binding to the cell surface receptor CD4 on target cells to initiate infection. Env is a heterodimer of a transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41) and a surface glycoprotein (gp120), and forms trimers on the surface of the viral membrane. Using cryo-electron tomography combined with three-dimensional image classification and averaging, we report the three-dimensional structures of trimeric Env displayed on native HIV-1 in the unliganded state, in complex with the broadly neutralizing antibody b12 and in a ternary complex with CD4 and the 17b antibody. By fitting the known crystal structures of the monomeric gp120 core in the b12- and CD4/17b-bound conformations into the density maps derived by electron tomography, we derive molecular models for the native HIV-1 gp120 trimer in unliganded and CD4-bound states. We demonstrate that CD4 binding results in a major reorganization of the Env trimer, causing an outward rotation and displacement of each gp120 monomer. This appears to be coupled with a rearrangement of the gp41 region along the central axis of the trimer, leading to closer contact between the viral and target cell membranes. Our findings elucidate the structure and conformational changes of trimeric HIV-1 gp120 relevant to antibody neutralization and attachment to target cells.