基因靶向药物的概念从西妥昔单抗扩展到血小板抑制药物

当对进展期结肠直肠癌患者使用药物如西妥昔单抗治疗研究进行观察时,Science Watch注意到这样一个问题——仅仅那些肿瘤为野生型、非KRAS基因突变型的患者才从这种治疗中获益（Science Watch,11／12月,2009）。     

计算金融学中的自然计算

近年来,自然计算算法（在本文中广义定义为计算机算法,其设计的思想来源于自然界的现象）的应用非常广泛。它可以用来解决金融模型和最优化问题。另一个相关的工作是对来源于自然计算算法的学习机制的应用,     

种群生物学的进化

此书是剑桥大学出版社为纪念Richard Lewontin教授而出版的三部著作中的第三部。第一部是《进化遗传学研究：从分子到形态》,为了纪念Lewontin教授在创立种群和进化遗传学中的研究方法所作的贡献;第二部是《思考进化：从历史学、哲学以及政治学角度》,纪念Lewontin教授在种群生物学的历史学和哲学研究中所做的贡献。     

用于非易失性存储器的纠错码

1948年克劳德香农在《贝尔系统技术杂志》上发表了题为“通讯的数学理论”的文章,该文章宣告了两个孪生的学科：信息理论与编码理论的诞生。它给出了有效和可靠信息的意义,并且第一次使用了“比特”这个术语。     

利用超强激光脉冲与平板等离子体相互作用产生超热电子

随着超强脉冲激光技术的不断发鼹,利用超强激光脉冲与平板等离子体相互作用产生超热电子的研究,在激光惯性约束中的“快点火”,医学中的射线治疗和台式激光加速器等领域广泛应用．木文用二维粒子模拟方法研究了超强短波脉冲激光与平扳等离子体薄靶相互作用中产生的超热电子．以研究结果表明,在平板等离子体薄靶后表面所产生的超热电子,角分布较小,定向性好,能获得很高的能量。     

河州土司何锁南考辨

河州土司何锁南是明代在西北最早敕封的土司之一,受封河州卫世袭指挥同知,一直到民国二十一年,方被废除。其家族历经明清两朝,雄居西北达561年,对西北地区的政治、军事、文化等都产生了深远影响。因为缺乏系统记载,学术界对其一直知之不详,故需就何锁南本人及其族属等问题做进一步的考证。     

Hidden magnetic excitation in the pseudogap phase of a high-T(c) superconductor

The elucidation of the pseudogap phenomenon of the high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) copper oxides-a set of anomalous physical properties below the characteristic temperature T* and above T(c)-has been a major challenge in condensed matter physics for the past two decades. Following initial indications of broken time-reversal symmetry in photoemission experiments, recent polarized neutron diffraction work demonstrated the universal existence of an unusual magnetic order below T* (refs 3, 4). These findings have the profound implication that the pseudogap regime constitutes a genuine new phase of matter rather than a mere crossover phenomenon. They are furthermore consistent with a particular type of order involving circulating orbital currents, and with the notion that the phase diagram is controlled by a quantum critical point. Here we report inelastic neutron scattering results for HgBa(2)CuO(4+δ) that reveal a fundamental collective magnetic mode associated with the unusual order, and which further support this picture. The mode's intensity rises below the same temperature T* and its dispersion is weak, as expected for an Ising-like order parameter. Its energy of 52-56?meV renders it a new candidate for the hitherto unexplained ubiquitous electron-boson coupling features observed in spectroscopic studies.     

Subtypes of medulloblastoma have distinct developmental origins

Medulloblastoma encompasses a collection of clinically and molecularly diverse tumour subtypes that together comprise the most common malignant childhood brain tumour. These tumours are thought to arise within the cerebellum, with approximately 25% originating from granule neuron precursor cells (GNPCs) after aberrant activation of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway (hereafter, SHH subtype). The pathological processes that drive heterogeneity among the other medulloblastoma subtypes are not known, hindering the development of much needed new therapies. Here we provide evidence that a discrete subtype of medulloblastoma that contains activating mutations in the WNT pathway effector CTNNB1 (hereafter, WNT subtype) arises outside the cerebellum from cells of the dorsal brainstem. We found that genes marking human WNT-subtype medulloblastomas are more frequently expressed in the lower rhombic lip (LRL) and embryonic dorsal brainstem than in the upper rhombic lip (URL) and developing cerebellum. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intra-operative reports showed that human WNT-subtype tumours infiltrate the dorsal brainstem, whereas SHH-subtype tumours are located within the cerebellar hemispheres. Activating mutations in Ctnnb1 had little impact on progenitor cell populations in the cerebellum, but caused the abnormal accumulation of cells on the embryonic dorsal brainstem which included aberrantly proliferating Zic1(+) precursor cells. These lesions persisted in all mutant adult mice; moreover, in 15% of cases in which Tp53 was concurrently deleted, they progressed to form medulloblastomas that recapitulated the anatomy and gene expression profiles of human WNT-subtype medulloblastoma. We provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that subtypes of medulloblastoma have distinct cellular origins. Our data provide an explanation for the marked molecular and clinical differences between SHH- and WNT-subtype medulloblastomas and have profound implications for future research and treatment of this important childhood cancer.