Cell number and cell doubling times during the development of carrot embryoids in suspension culture

Summary A time course for the appearance of different stages in embryogenesis in carrot cell cultures is presented, together with the data on cell doubling times. Removal of auxin appears to dramatically increase the rate of cell division, particularly in early embryogenesis.Acknowledgment. GSW thanks the Science Research Council U. K. for a post graduate research studentship.     

Galactic cosmic ray origin of Li, Be and B in stars

A study of the implications of the hypothesis that high energy processes involving cosmic rays acting on the interstellar medium are the sources of the elements Li, Be and B present in stellar atmospheres and in the solar system.     

A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization

Human behaviour is thought to spread through face-to-face social networks, but it is difficult to identify social influence effects in observational studies, and it is unknown whether online social networks operate in the same way. Here we report results from a randomized controlled trial of political mobilization messages delivered to 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 US congressional elections. The results show that the messages directly influenced political self-expression, information seeking and real-world voting behaviour of millions of people. Furthermore, the messages not only influenced the users who received them but also the users' friends, and friends of friends. The effect of social transmission on real-world voting was greater than the direct effect of the messages themselves, and nearly all the transmission occurred between 'close friends' who were more likely to have a face-to-face relationship. These results suggest that strong ties are instrumental for spreading both online and real-world behaviour in human social networks.     

纳米中药的研究及其前景展望

纳米中药是近年来迅速发展起来的前沿科技领域.目前对它的研究主要一个是中药纳米微粒的研究,另外一个是纳米载体微粒与中药结合的研究.纳米中药是中药走向国际化的方向,具有着光辉而广阔的前景.     

The evolution of the atmosphere in the Archaean and early Proterozoic

Key steps in atmospheric evolution occurred in the Archaean. The Hadean atmosphere was created by the inorganic processes of volatile accretion from space and degassing from the interior, and then modified by chemical and photochemical processes. The air was probably initially anoxic, though there may have been a supply of oxidation power as a consequence of hydrodynamic escape to space of hydrogen from water. Early subduction may have removed CO₂ and the Hadean planet may have been icy. In the Archaean, as anoxygenic and then oxygenic photosynthesis evolved, biological activity remade the atmosphere. Sedimentological evidence implies there were liquid oceans despite the faint young Sun. These oceans may have been sustained by the greenhouse warming effect of biologically-made methane. Oxygenesis in the late Archaean would have released free O₂ into the water. This would have created oxic surface waters, challenging the methane greenhouse. After the Great Oxidation Event around 2.3 to 2.4 billion years ago, the atmosphere itself became oxic, perhaps triggering a glacial crisis by cutting methane-caused greenhouse warming. By the early Proterozoic, all the key biochemical processes that maintain the modern atmosphere were probably present in the microbial community.     

Human behaviour: Egalitarian motive and altruistic punishment

Altruistic punishment is a behaviour in which individuals punish others at a cost to themselves in order to provide a public good. Fehr and G?chter present experimental evidence in humans indicating that negative emotions towards non-cooperators motivate punishment, which, in turn, provokes a high degree of cooperation. Using Fehr and G?chter's original data, we provide an alternative analysis of their experiment that suggests that egalitarian motives are more important than motives for punishing non-cooperative behaviour. This finding is consistent with evidence that humans may have an evolutionary incentive to punish the highest earners in order to promote equality, rather than cooperation.     

毕淑敏作品的白色意象解读

当代女作家毕淑敏以她独具的创作特色引人瞩目.毕淑敏作品的一大特点,便是用色彩来表征形象的社会意义,她笔下的白色意象尤其带给读者新鲜感觉和回味良久的艺术享受.本文对毕淑敏作品的白衣、白粉、白花、白雪、白发、白蘑菇等白色意象进行解读,这组白色意象群闪烁着作者对生命意识的思索,对生命价值的关爱.毕淑敏作品中的"白色"生活景观和文化气息,凸现出作者开阔的视野和非凡的气宇.     

抗逆高羊茅新品种黔草1号的优良特性

介绍了抗逆高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb)新品种-黔草1号的育种过程及其优良特性.在贵州省及四川、广西、新疆等地种植的种子平均产量比对照品种凌志和原始群体高出20%以上.返青期比引进品种凌志提前7d,枯黄期晚3d;目前是我国育成的自主知识产权优良抗逆草坪型新品种,是运动场草坪、环境绿化、生态治理和改良天然草场的理想草种之一.适宜我国长江中下游低山、丘陵等地区种植.     

The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum

Tribolium castaneum is a member of the most species-rich eukaryotic order, a powerful model organism for the study of generalized insect development, and an important pest of stored agricultural products. We describe its genome sequence here. This omnivorous beetle has evolved the ability to interact with a diverse chemical environment, as shown by large expansions in odorant and gustatory receptors, as well as P450 and other detoxification enzymes. Development in Tribolium is more representative of other insects than is Drosophila, a fact reflected in gene content and function. For example, Tribolium has retained more ancestral genes involved in cell-cell communication than Drosophila, some being expressed in the growth zone crucial for axial elongation in short-germ development. Systemic RNA interference in T. castaneum functions differently from that in Caenorhabditis elegans, but nevertheless offers similar power for the elucidation of gene function and identification of targets for selective insect control.     

基于ARM的远程实时视频监控系统的研制

为解决传统车辆监管系统不能对行驶中车辆实时视频监控的问题,研制了一套基于ARM11的远程实时视频监控系统.系统采用了基于客户机/服务器（C/S）结构的整体设计方案,在车载客户端完成车辆信息的采集、视频信息的压缩编码,通过3G无线网络将数据发送到远程服务器,在服务器实现实时显示.实验表明,系统运行稳定,服务器可以获得良好的视频质量和定位精度.