Selective habituation shapes acoustic predator recognition in harbour seals

Predation is a major force in shaping the behaviour of animals, so that precise identification of predators will confer substantial selective advantages on animals that serve as food to others. Because experience with a predator can be lethal, early researchers studying birds suggested that predator recognition does not require learning. However, a predator image that can be modified by learning and experience will be advantageous in situations where cues associated with the predator are highly variable or change over time. In this study, we investigated the response of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) to the underwater calls of different populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca). We found that the seals responded strongly to the calls of mammal-eating killer whales and unfamiliar fish-eating killer whales but not to the familiar calls of the local fish-eating population. This demonstrates that wild harbour seals are capable of complex acoustic discrimination and that they modify their predator image by selectively habituating to the calls of harmless killer whales. Fear in these animals is therefore focused on local threats by learning and experience.     

地球在碰撞中运行

对太阳系的探测表明,陨石撞击是行星表面的形成及日后演变的一个重要进程。例如,月亮表面满是陨痕累累的高地及低洼的、布满熔岩的盆地。遍布陨石坑的高地表明,最初的月球外壳及盆地是38亿年以前、月球形成最后阶段中所发生的巨大碰撞的结果。这些盆地是由直径为10～50公里的物体撞击出来的,后来,陨石坑为大熔岩所填充,就成了现在大家所熟知的平坦的玄武岩平原,即月球海。地球表面一定也曾发生过类似的碰撞。这些巨大的碰撞可能是地壳由早先的模样演变成现今海洋和大陆板