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Arrangement of human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes implies evolutionary duplication of a segment containing gamma, epsilon and alpha genes 总被引:45,自引:0,他引:45
Cosmid clones containing the human gamma, epsilon and alpha heavy chain constant region genes and an epsilon pseudogene have been isolated. All these genes have a switch sequence detectable by hybridization. We have studied overlapping cosmids covering two separate regions of the genome, and the gene order in each of these regions was found to be gamma-gamma-epsilon-alpha. This implies an evolutionary duplication in this multigene family involving gamma, epsilon and alpha genes. 相似文献
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Gerard de Zeeuw introduced the term ‘Third Phase Science’ in 1997. A deliberative method that is called dialogic design science (see http://dialogicdesignscience.wikispaces.com ) illustrates an effective way of implementing third‐phase science as a means of understanding and adapting complex social situations. This paper explains De Zeeuw's concept in non‐specialist language and expands on the historical context of third‐phase science as a means of addressing contemporary needs. It shows how dialogic design science completes third‐phase science as an axiomatic science and makes third‐phase science into a valuable design methodology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献