Ciliary proteins Fap43 and Fap44 interact with each other and are essential for proper cilia and flagella beating

Cilia beating is powered by the inner and outer dynein arms (IDAs and ODAs). These multi-subunit macrocomplexes are arranged in two rows on each outer doublet along the entire cilium length, except its distal end. To generate cilia beating, the activity of ODAs and IDAs must be strictly regulated locally by interactions with the dynein arm-associated structures within each ciliary unit and coordinated globally in time and space between doublets and along the axoneme. Here, we provide evidence of a novel ciliary complex composed of two conserved WD-repeat proteins, Fap43p and Fap44p. This complex is adjacent to another WD-repeat protein, Fap57p, and most likely the two-headed inner dynein arm, IDA I1. Loss of either protein results in altered waveform, beat stroke and reduced swimming speed. The ciliary localization of Fap43p and Fap44p is interdependent in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila.     

Faithful chaperones

This review describes the properties of some rare eukaryotic chaperones that each assist in the folding of only one target protein. In particular, we describe (1) the tubulin cofactors, (2) p47, which assists in the folding of collagen, (3) α-hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP), (4) the adenovirus L4-100 K protein, which is a chaperone of the major structural viral protein, hexon, and (5) HYPK, the huntingtin-interacting protein. These various-sized proteins (102–1,190 amino acids long) are all involved in the folding of oligomeric polypeptides but are otherwise functionally unique, as they each assist only one particular client. This raises a question regarding the biosynthetic cost of the high-level production of such chaperones. As the clients of faithful chaperones are all abundant proteins that are essential cellular or viral components, it is conceivable that this necessary metabolic expenditure withstood evolutionary pressure to minimize biosynthetic costs. Nevertheless, the complexity of the folding pathways in which these chaperones are involved results in error-prone processes. Several human disorders associated with these chaperones are discussed.     

Telomerase and drug resistance in cancer

It is well known that a decreased expression or inhibited activity of telomerase in cancer cells is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to some drugs (e.g., doxorubicin, cisplatin, or 5-fluorouracil). However, the mechanism of the resistance resulting from telomerase alteration remains elusive. There are theories claiming that it might be associated with telomere shortening, genome instability, hTERT translocation, mitochondria functioning modulation, or even alterations in ABC family gene expression. However, association of those mechanisms, i.e., drug resistance and telomerase alterations, is not fully understood yet. We review the current theories on the aspect of the role of telomerase in cancer cells resistance to therapy. We believe that revealing/unravelling this correlation might significantly contribute to an increased efficiency of cancer cells elimination, especially the most difficult ones, i.e., drug resistant.     

Basal forebrain heating and ADH release in dogs

Résumé On a examiné des effets d'un élèvement local de la température du prosencéphale basal sur le taux de l'ADH plasmatique et les réponses thermorégulatrices chez les chiens chroniquement munis de thermodes. On a constaté en avant de la commissure antérieure une élévation de la concentration de l'ADH dans le plasma sanguin et dans la plupart des cas une polypnée. On peut supposer que les neurones thermosensitifs de la même région jouent un rôle dans l'activation du système antidiurétique hypothalamo-hypophysaire.

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The author thanks Mrs.W. Radziszewska for making histological preparations and Mr.W. Pringle from Parke and Davis for supplying the ampoules of Pitressin used in this study.     

Radioprotectors from pyrodextrins

Cornstarch heated in the range of 230–280°C depolymerized into pyrodextrins characterized by two-component EPR signals of relatively stable free radicals. These thermally generated radicals could serve as efficient scavengers for free radicals generated from pyrodextrins with the 200 Gy dose of γ-radiation. The most efficient traps/scavengers were produced from cornstarch at 250–280°C. IR data indicated incorporation of the OH groups to the pyrodextrins. These groups most probably originated from the OH· radicals formed by the radiolysis of water. EPR spectra provided evidence for trapping free radicals generated by γ-irradiation and for their subsequent annihilation on contact with pyrodextrins. Water affected radical processes occurring in pyrodextrins caused by γ-irradiation.     

The threshold osmotic reactivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal antidiuretic system and of the thirst mechanism

Résumé On a examiné la réactivité osmotique du système antidiurétique hypothalamo-hypophysaire et du mécanisme de la soif chez des chiens non narcotisés. Chez tous les animaux examinés, le système antidiurétique s'est montré plus sensible aux stimulus osmotiques que le mécanisme de la soif. On peut supposer que c'est le système antidiurétique qui est activé en premier lieu lors d'un déficit d'eau.     

Pathogenic bacteria attach to human fibronectin through a tandem beta-zipper

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, two important human pathogens, target host fibronectin (Fn) in their adhesion to and invasion of host cells. Fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs), anchored in the bacterial cell wall, have multiple Fn-binding repeats in an unfolded region of the protein. The bacterium-binding site in the amino-terminal domain (1-5F1) of Fn contains five sequential Fn type 1 (F1) modules. Here we show the structure of a streptococcal (S. dysgalactiae) FnBP peptide (B3) in complex with the module pair 1F12F1. This identifies 1F1- and 2F1-binding motifs in B3 that form additional antiparallel beta-strands on sequential F1 modules-the first example of a tandem beta-zipper. Sequence analyses of larger regions of FnBPs from S. pyogenes and S. aureus reveal a repeating pattern of F1-binding motifs that match the pattern of F1 modules in 1-5F1 of Fn. In the process of Fn-mediated invasion of host cells, therefore, the bacterial proteins seem to exploit the modular structure of Fn by forming extended tandem beta-zippers. This work is a vital step forward in explaining the full mechanism of the integrin-dependent FnBP-mediated invasion of host cells.     

Effects of 9.4 GHz microwave exposure on meiosis in mice

Summary Exposure to 9.4 GHz pulsed microwaves at low power densities for 1 h/day during 2 weeks induces in adult male Balb/c mice disturbances in meiosis, consisting in an increase of translocations and the appearance of cells with several chromosome pair remaining univalents at MI.Acknowledgments. Grant No. 30121/120/53674 of the Centre International des Etudiants et Stagiaires to E. Manikowska and grant No. 78-1017/DRED of the Direction des Recherches et Etudes Techniques du Ministère de Défense to B. Servantie accorded by the French Government are gratefully acknowledged. The authors express their thanks to Miss M.R. Morazzani for her technical assistance.     

Polish Mathematical School 1915—1939

本文展示和介绍了二十世纪上半叶（１９１５－１９３９）波兰数学领域的主要成就。在华沙、利活夫数学学校的创立,一些数学创始人在数学教育、教学上所做的努力,培养了一批世界级顶尖的数学大师;在学术研究上,创办了如《基础数学》杂志等数学刊物,国外学者到学校讲学,召开学术会议吸引了全世界各国的数学家进行了广泛的合作和交流,使波兰在集合理论、拓扑学、实值函数理论等方面取得了历史上开创性的进展,为世界数学的发展作