Phylogenetic divergence in a desert fish: differentiation of speckled dace within the Bonneville, Lahontan, and upper Snake river basins

Historical events have had a great impact on the biogeography of fishes of western North America. We examined the genetic variation of the speckled dace ( Rhinichthys osculus ) to determine the effects on this species of extensive hydrological changes during the last 10 million years in the Bonneville and Lahontan basins of the Great Basin and the upper Snake River Basin. Eight hundred sixty-nine base pairs of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b were sequenced from 97 individuals representing 22 populations within these 3 basins, as well as from 2 individuals of longnose dace ( Rhinichthys cataractae ) that served as outgroups. Additionally, 13 speckled dace sequences representing 3 Bonneville populations were used from GenBank. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. Analysis of molecular variance was used to determine population structure and to estimate the amount of gene flow across the community boundaries. Three distinct clades were reconstructed representing the Lahontan Basin, the northern Bonneville and upper Snake River basins, and the southern Bonneville Basin. Additionally, most of the population structuring was explained by variation among basins (65.33%). Speckled dace demonstrated high genetic variation. As hypothesized, the northern and southern Bonneville specimens formed separate clades; however, the southern Bonneville clade was basal to a sister clade formed by the northern Bonneville/upper Snake River and Lahontan clades. These relationships indicate that Pliocene connections between the Snake, Lahontan, and Bonneville drainages, rather than more recent Pleistocene connections, best explain population structuring in speckled dace.     

济阳坳陷岩性油气藏地震采集技术

济阳坳陷岩性油气藏存在砂体内部及层间地震反射弱，资料分辨率低的问题。通过较小炮检距、较小面元、较宽方位角、较大非纵距和较高的纵、横向覆盖次数等面元属性的优化组合，提高了该区地震资料的分辨率;建立了表层条件“特征网”，通过寻找表层变化“突变带”，可为最佳激发因素的选取提供可靠依据;总结了频谱分析的有效方法，提出要以砂体解释的需要为目标，避免陷入盲目追求高频率的误区。以上技术与方法在济阳坳陷官7地区岩性油气藏地震采集中取得了明显效果，显著地提高了资料的分辨率，解决了小砂体及内部的弱反射问题。     

Noxious compounds activate TRPA1 ion channels through covalent modification of cysteines

The nervous system senses peripheral damage through nociceptive neurons that transmit a pain signal. TRPA1 is a member of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family of ion channels and is expressed in nociceptive neurons. TRPA1 is activated by a variety of noxious stimuli, including cold temperatures, pungent natural compounds, and environmental irritants. How such diverse stimuli activate TRPA1 is not known. We observed that most compounds known to activate TRPA1 are able to covalently bind cysteine residues. Here we use click chemistry to show that derivatives of two such compounds, mustard oil and cinnamaldehyde, covalently bind mouse TRPA1. Structurally unrelated cysteine-modifying agents such as iodoacetamide (IA) and (2-aminoethyl)methanethiosulphonate (MTSEA) also bind and activate TRPA1. We identified by mass spectrometry fourteen cytosolic TRPA1 cysteines labelled by IA, three of which are required for normal channel function. In excised patches, reactive compounds activated TRPA1 currents that were maintained at least 10 min after washout of the compound in calcium-free solutions. Finally, activation of TRPA1 by disulphide-bond-forming MTSEA is blocked by the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT). Collectively, our data indicate that covalent modification of reactive cysteines within TRPA1 can cause channel activation, rapidly signalling potential tissue damage through the pain pathway.     

多相滤波器组的ZFFT算法在轨道电路信号检测中的应用

针对轨道电路信号(FSK信号)的检测提出了基于多相滤波器组的频谱细化(ZFFT)分析方法,该方法利用多相滤波器组将待分析的移频信号按照不同载频分解成多个子带,经过子带选择,再进行FFT,与传统的信号检测算法相比,这种算法可以提高信号检测精度和实时性.     

模糊滑动控制的一般方法(英文)

陈述了一种新的模糊逻辑控制方法,它可消除滑动控制所固有的抖动问题。方法的推导是将多开关滑动控制问题简化成等效的单开关问题。控制规律显示它是一种模糊滑动控制的一般方法。文献中的其他方法可由此法导出。模糊推理规则由两个输入变量组成。第一个输入变量是系统状态到所预定的状态空间中的超平面之间的方向距离;第二个输入变量的选择可根据应用而定,例如方向距离的导数、控制设计者所感兴趣的特定变量,或者某些状态变量的加权之和。这个新方法易于在高阶系统中实现,并且可以直接而明确地控制系统的动态过程。它消除了滑动控制和经典模糊滑动控制中的抖动问题。此外。新方法比其他类似方法的控制要简单。稳定性和性能分析显示了此法的有效性。此法已用于一带有典型驱动和反馈传感器的工业直流电机的位置控制之中。     

A physical map of the mouse genome

A physical map of a genome is an essential guide for navigation, allowing the location of any gene or other landmark in the chromosomal DNA. We have constructed a physical map of the mouse genome that contains 296 contigs of overlapping bacterial clones and 16,992 unique markers. The mouse contigs were aligned to the human genome sequence on the basis of 51,486 homology matches, thus enabling use of the conserved synteny (correspondence between chromosome blocks) of the two genomes to accelerate construction of the mouse map. The map provides a framework for assembly of whole-genome shotgun sequence data, and a tile path of clones for generation of the reference sequence. Definition of the human-mouse alignment at this level of resolution enables identification of a mouse clone that corresponds to almost any position in the human genome. The human sequence may be used to facilitate construction of other mammalian genome maps using the same strategy.     

The determination of the structure of Saturn's F ring by nearby moonlets

Saturn's narrow F ring exhibits several unusual features that vary on timescales of hours to years. These include transient clumps, a central core surrounded by a multistranded structure and a regular series of longitudinal channels associated with Prometheus, one of the ring's two 'shepherding' satellites. Several smaller moonlets and clumps have been detected in the ring's immediate vicinity, and a population of embedded objects has been inferred. Here we report direct evidence of moonlets embedded in the ring's bright core, and show that most of the F ring's morphology results from the continual gravitational and collisional effects of small satellites, often combined with the perturbing effect of Prometheus. The F-ring region is perhaps the only location in the Solar System where large-scale collisional processes are occurring on an almost daily basis.     

Synthesis of layered LiMnO2 byin situ oxidation-intercalation and a study of the reaction mechanism and electrochemical performance

Using Mn(OH)₂ as precursor, LiOH as lithiating agent and (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ as oxidant, layeredo-LiMnO₂ was obtained by a novel method—in situ oxidation-intercalation under mild conditions (80 °C). The product was characterized by XRD, ICP, TEM and⁷Li-NMR. The results reveal that orthorhombic LiMnO₂ with high purity and good crystallinity can be obtained by this method. During electrochemical tests, a LiMnO₂/Li cell shows an initial reversible capacity of 208 mAh · g⁻¹ and a reversible capacity of 180 mAh · g⁻¹ after 30 cycles at room temperature.