用海水浇灌农作物

随着世界人口的增长和淡水资源的日趋珍贵，研究人员正把眼光投向大海，他们要用海水浇灌某些经挑选的植物。当前全球最紧迫的问题之一就是要找到足够的水和土地来满足全球性食品需求。据联合国粮农组织估计，在今后的30年内需要20亿公顷（约合49．42亿英亩）的新耕地─—面积相当于亚利桑那、新墨西哥、犹他、科罗拉多、爱达荷、怀俄明以及蒙大拿诸州的总和──才能满足热带和亚热带地区迅速增长的人口的食品需求、可是在这些地带的国家中可供农业拓展的土地只有9亿3千万公顷──而且其中很大一部分被森林覆盖，是应保护之地。显然，我们需…     

Immunological activity of covalently linked T-cell epitopes.

Immune responses to proteins necessarily involve the recognition by T lymphocytes of a peptide or peptides derived from a protein complexed with a major histocompatibility antigen. The T-cell response of BALB/c mice to the bacteriophage lambda cI repressor protein (residues 1-102) is directed predominantly towards the epitope contained within a single peptide encompassing residues 12-26. Similar phenomena of immunodominance of a particular peptide have also been observed in other protein systems. The mechanisms that have been suggested to account for the focusing of the T-cell response are partial deletion in the T-cell repertoire, biased antigen processing, and competition for binding to the presenting molecule, the major histocompatibility complex encoded class II transplantation antigen. In a model system with a polypeptide containing two synthetically linked immunologically active epitopes, we now demonstrate the existence of a hierarchy between these epitopes, so that the immune response elicited is directed mainly towards the more immunogenic epitope, whereas the less immunogenic epitope elicits little or no T-cell reactivity. In addition, the same hierarchy of dominance is also apparent when the polypeptide is used to induce tolerance in the periphery in adult mice. The chimaeric peptide can induce tolerance only towards the more immunogenic epitope. These experiments indicate that the rules governing antigen processing and presentation that result in T-cell activation are apparently the same as the rules that govern the processes resulting in the induction of tolerance.     

关于旅行推销员问题的一个算法

通过圈上结点下标自足方法，给出了一个关于旅行推销员问题的算法，尽管该算法实质上无法改变问题的NP－完全性的难度，但较分支定界法的执行速度快，比一些近拟算法要好。     

独立学院本科毕业论文(设计)问卷调查分析

通过对独立学院2012届化学系学生完成毕业论文(设计)期间问卷调查分析得知,72%的是在学校规定的3~4个月完成的,文献查阅的主要途径是在学校图书馆和宿舍,他们完成毕业论文(设计)的场所多样化了,实验室、宿舍、图书馆和实习公司是主要场所,与指导教师交流方式主要有直接见面、QQ聊天和电子邮件.虽然目前各方面都得到很大的改善,但还是有很多因素造成完成毕业论文困难,主要的困难是专业知识不足、实验条件有限、文献资源不足和学生时间分配不合理.     

一种快速、经济、有效纯化人工合成寡核苷酸片段的方法

采用DEAE-52纤维紊小柱，纯化了7个人工合成的寡核苷酸引物．纯化效果栗用岛津(uy-265)分光光度计扫描，8mol／L尿素-12%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及自提的模板DNA经PCR检测．该法分传统的HPLC法及PAGE法相比，具有快速、经济、有效的优越性。     

Conventionalism in Reid’s ‘geometry of visibles’

The subject of this investigation is the role of conventions in the formulation of Thomas Reid’s theory of the geometry of vision, which he calls the ‘geometry of visibles’. In particular, we will examine the work of N. Daniels and R. Angell who have alleged that, respectively, Reid’s ‘geometry of visibles’ and the geometry of the visual field are non-Euclidean. As will be demonstrated, however, the construction of any geometry of vision is subject to a choice of conventions regarding the construction and assignment of its various properties, especially metric properties, and this fact undermines the claim for a unique non-Euclidean status for the geometry of vision. Finally, a suggestion is offered for trying to reconcile Reid’s direct realist theory of perception with his geometry of visibles.While Thomas Reid is well-known as the leading exponent of the Scottish ‘common-sense’ school of philosophy, his role in the history of geometry has only recently been drawing the attention of the scholarly community. In particular, several influential works, by N. Daniels and R. B. Angell, have claimed Reid as the discoverer of non-Euclidean geometry; an achievement, moreover, that pre-dates the geometries of Lobachevsky, Bolyai, and Gauss by over a half century. Reid’s alleged discovery appears within the context of his analysis of the geometry of the visual field, which he dubs the ‘geometry of visibles’. In summarizing the importance of Reid’s philosophy in this area, Daniels is led to conclude that ‘there can remain little doubt that Reid intends the geometry of visibles to be an alternative to Euclidean geometry’;¹ while Angell, similarly inspired by Reid, draws a much stronger inference: ‘The geometry which precisely and naturally fits the actual configurations of the visual field is a non-Euclidean, two-dimensional, elliptical geometry. In substance, this thesis was advanced by Thomas Reid in 1764 ...’² The significance of these findings has not gone unnoticed in mathematical and scientific circles, moreover, for Reid’s name is beginning to appear more frequently in historical surveys of the development of geometry and the theories of space.³Implicit in the recent work on Reid’s ‘geometry of visibles’, or GOV, one can discern two closely related but distinct arguments: first, that Reid did in fact formulate a non-Euclidean geometry, and second, that the GOV is non-Euclidean. This essay will investigate mainly the latter claim, although a lengthy discussion will be accorded to the first. Overall, in contrast to the optimistic reports of a non-Euclidean GOV, it will be argued that there is a great deal of conceptual freedom in the construction of any geometry pertaining to the visual field. Rather than single out a non-Euclidean structure as the only geometry consistent with visual phenomena, an examination of Reid, Daniels, and Angell will reveal the crucial role of geometric ‘conventions’, especially of the metric sort, in the formulation of the GOV (where a ‘metric’ can be simply defined as a system for determining distances, the measures of angles, etc.). Consequently, while a non-Euclidean geometry is consistent with Reid’s GOV, it is only one of many different geometrical structures that a GOV can possess. Angell’s theory that the GOV can only be construed as non-Euclidean, is thus incorrect. After an exploration of Reid’s theory and the alleged non-Euclidean nature of the GOV, in 1 and 2 respectively, the focus will turn to the tacit role of conventionalism in Daniels’ reconstruction of Reid’s GOV argument, and in the contemporary treatment of a non-Euclidean visual geometry offered by Angell ( 3 and 4). Finally, in the conclusion, a suggestion will be offered for a possible reconstruction of Reid’s GOV that does not violate his avowed ‘direct realist’ theory of perception, since this epistemological thesis largely prompted his formulation of the GOV.     

实验性急性肺损伤部分液体通气效应与剂量的关系

目的:对肺灌洗诱导的急性肺损伤家兔实施不同剂量氟碳(perfluorocarbon,PFC)的部分液体通气(partialliquidventilation,PLV),观察其疗效及剂量-效应关系。方法:14只成年健康家兔,麻醉后经气管导管用生理盐水反复肺内灌洗,直至动脉氧分压(PaO2)<13 33kPa(100mmHg)达1h,记录肺气体交换、血液动力学及呼吸动力各参数作为肺损伤(acutelunginjury,ALI)基础值。随机分为PLV组及对照组,对照组以呼吸机行常规机械通气,不给予任何治疗措施;PLV组动物于ALI后每30min气管内灌入PFC(FC3280,3M,德国)6mL·kg-1共3次,总量为18mL·kg-1。以上述呼吸参数行机械通气。最后一次灌注后继续行机械通气3h,每小时记录各参数次。结果:PLV组PaO2及动脉血氧饱和度(HbO2)在灌注第一个剂量的PFC后即显著改善,并与剂量呈相关性;PaCO2在灌注第一个PFC剂量后较ALI时显著降低,但并不随剂量的增加而继续降低。结论:以氟碳为媒介的部分液体通气可明显改善肺灌洗诱导的急性肺损伤家兔的肺氧合,并呈剂量相关性,同时呼吸动力的改善与剂量无关。     

多机组空调系统部分负荷下的节能策略研究

针对冷水机组大部分时间都是在部分负荷下运行的现状，提出了一种多机组空调系统并联的节能策略．运用模型仿真和试验验证手段研究节能优化运行策略对机组性能改善效果．试验结果表明：当机组由100％负荷降为50％负荷时，机组的冷凝温度由47．2℃下降到42．5℃，蒸发温度由2．2℃上升到3．5℃，COP值提高9．5％．从而表明该节能策略对多机组空调系统在部分负荷下的性能改善具有较大潜力．同时针对试验结果与仿真结果存在的差距，分析了产生的原因并提出了进一步的改进措施．